Background: Computers have significantly impacted cognitive, social, physical and various other aspects of the modern daily lives of computer users, especially among internet users. Our life is inseparable from the internet, e.g., chatting, online shopping, gaming, video conferencing, and emailing. In the modern day, nearly every job is done sitting in front of a computer. Majority of the day is spent on the computer either working or for recreational purposes. Consequently, the effects of computer use on eyes and vision has increased too. This study will review the factors relating to eye and vision problems amongst students and its association with computer work and provide recommendations for preventing or reducing their development. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the current study was to estimate the prevalence of computer vision syndrome, its knowledge and application among medical students. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which was carried out amongst the MBBS students (1st, 2nd and 3rd year) of Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Center, Kanpur, India. The data was collected between January 2017 to March 2017. Students who gave their consent were taken up for the study. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Results: A total of 214 medical students participated and majority of them were below 22 years of age. The prevalence of Computer Vision Syndrome was found to be 83% [95% CI = 67.9% - 91.6%]. More than 70% students spend up to 4 hours in front of computer. Roughly 40% knowledge of Computer Vision Syndrome, but only 10% took any measures to prevent the disease. And those who had symptoms experience them within 2-3 hours of computer use. Majority of them complained of having watery eyes and blurred vision. Conclusion: A significant proportion of students do manifests Computer Vision Syndrome and denotes that the health of the people working on the computers should be emphasized as a field of concern in public health. These are young kids and having this syndrome so early in life will have a detrimental effect on their health in future. Hence the stakeholders involved, needs to be sensitized regarding the importance of the regular eye and health check-ups and proper rest to the eyes. Further research is recommended to know the depth of the problem as it has the potential to become a modern-day pandemic.

Background: The increased use of computers in the workplace has brought about the development of a number of health concerns majority related to eyes which prompted us to carry out this study to find out the factors relating to eye and vision problems associated with computer work and recommendations for preventing or reducing their developments.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study, which was carried out amongst employees of Rama University, Mandhana, Kanpur, India. The data was collected between June 2016 and October 2016. A total of 214 individuals gave their consent and participated in the study. A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect the data.Results: 214 personnel were interviewed. Mean age of study subjects was 33.5±11.013 years with 58.88% of subjects being in the age group of 25-35 years. 49 (22.9%) reported spending 2-3 hours 118 (54.83%) spent 3-6 hour/day, while 47 (22%) of the respondents spent more than 6 hour/day working on a computer. Prevalence of dry eye was found to be 75% (160/214). The common symptoms were watery eyes (31.77%), followed by sensitivity to light & blurring of vision (both 17.76%), sensation of having something in the eyes (14.95%), difficulty in night time driving (13.08%), eye redness (11.21%) and difficulty in wearing contact lenses (5.6%).Conclusions:Three fourth of the computer professionals we studied had mentioned to have some computer-related health problems. This is a significant proportion and denotes that the occupational health of the people working in the computer field should be emphasized as a field of concern in public health. The ergonomics of the working environment of the computer professionals have a direct impact on their wellbeing. Hence the organizations employing them, as well as the professionals themselves need to be sensitized regarding the importance of the regular eye & health check-ups and proper working conditions.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is considered as one of the nonskeletal diseases related with deficiency of vitamin D. Both T2DM and vitamin D deficiency have similar risk factors, such as obesity, aging, and sedentary lifestyle. Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and metabolic syndrome disorders are also associated with vitamin D deficiency. Vitamin D plays an important functional role in glucose homeostasis through its effects on insulin secretion and sensitivity. It may reduce insulin resistance (IR) indirectly through its effect on calcium and phosphate metabolism and through upregulation of the insulin receptor gene. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate role of vitamin D as an adjuvant to oral hypoglycemic drugs in treatment of Type 2 diabetic patients. Aims and Objectives : Vitamin D deficiency appears to be related to the development of diabetes mellitus type 2 and the metabolic syndrome. Vitamin D may affect glucose homeostasis, vitamin D levels having been found to be inversely related to glycosylated hemoglobin levels in diabetes mellitus. The aim of the study was to evaluate role of vitamin D as an adjuvant to oral hypoglycemic drugs in treatment of Type 2 diabetic patients. Materials and Methods: The study was done on 60 patients diagnosed with T2DM. A total of 60 patients, control group were type 2 Diabetic patients on oral hypoglycemic drugs without vitamin D supplementation (n=30) and study group was type 2 Diabetic patients on oral hypoglycemic drugs with vitamin D supplementation (n=30). Results: The mean aged of patients was 43.27±8.80 in control group and 47.93±8.39 in study group. The family history of diabetes mellitus was 39 patients. HbA1C, FBG, Postprandial were decreased in study group as compared to control group from baseline (0 day) to 90 days, respectively. Other parameters like hemoglobin, Serum Creatinine serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase were slight changes in study group as compared to control group from baseline (0 day) to 90 days, respectively. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that vitamin D as an adjuvant to oral hypoglycemic drugs in treatment in diabetic patients, vitamin D levels being related to glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2. These findings may have therapeutic implications as cautious vitamin D supplementation may improve glycemic control in diabetes mellitus type 2.

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol has been known for ages to be cardio-protective due to its defensive action against genesis of atherosclerosis. Increasing the serum HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) as a prospective potential to prevent coronary heart disease could not prove beneficial in human trials that put forward a major concern about the role and functional contribution of HDL-C in human health. Many observational studies indicated that extreme high value of serum HDL-C is often associated with high cardiovascular mortality; therefore could be considered as detrimental for healthy survival. Furthermore, observational and genetic studies revealed a possible link between extreme low serumHDL-C and development of common noncardiovascular diseases such as infectious disease, autoimmune disorder, malignancy, type-2 diabetes, kidney, and pulmonary diseases. This review endeavors to update on the various reasons of mortality observed with extreme values of HDL-C reflected in the recent studies along with the probable role of HDL-C in the pathogenesis of these ailments.

Background: Scourge of ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is a matter of public health concern. New-norm preventive life-style like use of mask, repeated hand washing, social distancing and hygienic way of coughing-sneezing often compromise easy life and personal comfort. Earlier studies established certain epidemiological aspects of COVID-19 mostly in highend societies, but not many conducted on occurrence of COVID-19 in low-middle-income communities to ascertain the trend. Aims and Objective: Considering a possible upsurge of COVID-19 in Kolkata, it was decided to study the occurrence of COVID-19 in the background of preventive awareness and its application among residents in three different communities in Kolkata. Materials and Methods: Study was conducted in three different communities located in south Kolkata during Apr 20 to Mar 21. Community 1 and 2 were semi-urban clusters and Community 3, a high profile society; having 266, 282 & 360 adults respectively. Consent was taken from authority as well as individual subjects. Questionnaire was made incorporating personal attributes, knowledge of personal protective measures (PPM) & its application; lastly details of COVID-19 patients. Questionnaire was sent to willing members through e-mode; those declined were contacted individually following new-norm. Data collected was coded for confidentiality, tabulated and analysed. Confirmed COVID-19 (RT-PCR+ve) declared by Govt/private hospitals during Apr 20 to Mar 21 were included. Result: Communities studied had analogous demographic traits. Two communities belonged to low-SES group, while other enjoyed high-end-status. Almost 90% of slum/colony dwellers knew all facets of COVID-19 prevention compared to cent-percent of upper class people. 52% in one and around 93-100% in other two groups followed recommended PPM. Occurrence rates of COVID-19 infection were 11.3, 10.6 & 11.1 per 1000 adult of respective communities during study period. Affected were mostly male (90%) of 30-44 year age with 60% from low SES & 40% from the privileged. Many indisposed used masks (70%), washed hands (100%) and followed social distancing (90%). Study unfurled the explicit distinctiveness of COVID-19 infection irrespective of social stand aside idealistic reflective of preventive awareness/application. PPM though renders protection but its circumventing role needs consistent application in back-lore of certain contextual considerations. Conclusion: Further research is recommended to enrich this endeavour to explore facts that may play vital rolein COVID-19 prevention in future.