Contingency management optimized outcomes using nicotine replacement therapy for reducing cigarette smoking during treatment for opiate dependence, although long-term effects are not generally maintained. Findings document strong associations between reductions in cigarette smoking and reductions in illicit substance use during treatment.

The Family Support Opportunities program in the state of Washington has a unique component. People with extensive knowledge of local communities, referred to as community guides, were made available to all families enrolled in the program. Community guides assisted families by seeking information about community resources that families needed and helping families connect to those resources. Responses from a survey of 312 families were analyzed to determine the impact of the community guides' services. Results suggest that when families indicated satisfaction with their community guides, they reported better outcomes in terms of their needs being met, satisfaction with Family Support Opportunities, and connections to their local communities.

DURING THE PAST 30 YEARS, approaches and services that meet the needs of families with members who have developmental disabilities have changed markedly. Prior to the 1970s, families with children with disabilities were advised to separate their children from "mainstream" society. Since that time, views have shifted to the idea that people with disabilities can and should be integrated into the community and should be afforded similar rights to those without disabilities. Based on these attitudes, a family support movement began, where the goals of services became community membership and integration, functional supports, enhanced quality of life, and individualization. A newer, specific approach within the family support movement is called "community guiding," the use of individuals to help families with children with disabilities access community resources. This paper presents the concept of community guiding in the context of family service provision, and it reports findings from a qualitative study undertaken to evaluate the role and effectiveness of this approach in a family support program in Washington State.The family support movement has not been specific to families with members with disabilities. In fact, Dunst et al. (1993) point out that family support has been developing separately and from different perspectives, and as Comer & Fraser (1998) add, in different disciplines. Yet even with these diverse origins, most definitions of family support include the words "enhance" and "empower" and emphasize "strengthening" key elements of the family or its environment (Dunst et al., 1993). While the major difference in family support across disciplines appears to be how beliefs about family support are translated into practice, there does seem to be a common core philosophy (Dunst et al., 1993). The six principles identified by Dunst, Trivette, and Deal (1994) to be essential to family support programs are (1) enhancing a sense of community, (2) mobilizing resources and sup-Field Notes serves as a forum for social workers where they can briefly share and comment on their experiences in practice. This may include new perspectives or critical commentaries on practice, innovative programs and policies, work with diverse client groups, and other related approaches to social work practice. We invite all readers to share their experiences.