The main aim of the study was to analyze the avifaunal diversity of Chitwan, Nepal. The avifaunal diversity at six transects of Barandabhar Corridor Forest in Chitwan district was carried out during two visits (autumn and spring) in 2020-2021. The line transect method was used to cover most of the study area. In total, 125 species of birds representing 18 orders and 59 families were recorded. The highest number of bird species i.e. (56) 44.8% were represented by order Passeriformes along with 34 families. The highest number of species was found in family Picidae (9) 7.2% followed by Cuculidae (8) 6.4% and least number (1) 0.8% in other 31 families. The seasonal status of species was Autumn (84) and Spring (116). The relative abundance of species was Very Common (60), Common (40), Uncommon (16), and Rare (9). According to the National Red List of Nepal’s Birds, 110 species were in the Least Concern category, eight species were in the Near Threatened category, six species were in the Vulnerable category and one species was in the Critically Endangered category. It was noted that major threats to the birds were illegal fishing, noise pollution, firewood collection, illegal cattle grazing, and invasive alien plant species. One Globally Threatened Bird Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus was also noted.

A comprehensive survey aimed at documenting traditional medicinal practices used by Majhi ethnic community was carried out between September and December 2022 in 3 different wards of Bakaiya rural municipality. This study focuses on the traditional medicinal practices using plants and animals. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussion were carried out during the visit to a total of 25 informants. A total of 32 plants and 15 animals were recorded for different therapeutic uses. The 32 plants species with 26 families, including Lamiaceae having the highest number (3) and Gingeberaceae, Rutaceae, Embretaceae and Fabaceae having (2) representative species and their use value were recorded. The 15 animal species with 15 families, such as Phasanidae, Cervidae, Columbidae with single representative speciesand their use value were recorded. It is projected that the documentation of ethnobiological knowledge will further promote the conservation, use value and bioprospecting of the biological species.

Wetlands are the most productive areas for biodiversity and local livelihood support. Waterbirds are important components of most wetland environments. These asonal abundance and diversity of waterbirds of the Rapti River was studied to assess the species composition and richness along with their seasonal variation in August 2017 and January 2018. The fixed-line transect method in a wooden dugout canoe was used for bird sampling between the winter and summer seasons. Total of 51 species of birds belonging to 9 orders and 18 families were recorded. Species richness was high in winter season than in summer. The study revealed that the study site harbors many residents and a few migratory water bird species. According to the IUCN Red List status, 43 species were in the Least Concern, 5species were in the Near Threatened, 2 species were invulnerable, and 1 species was in the Endangered category. The order Anseriformes and Charadriiformes were recorded the much in number that was 11 species each. The dominant family was Anatidae represented by 11 species, followed by the Ardeidae with nine species and the lowest representations of one species were in the other nine families. The Shannon wiener diversity index was found to be higher in the winter season (H’= 3.47) than in the summer season (H’= 3.30). High altitude winter migratory bird Bar-headed Goose (Anser indicus) was also recorded. The major threats to wetland birds included habitat destruction, human disturbances, and fishing. The study concludes that study area contains a diverse and rich avifauna, especially the population of winter migrants that needs to be monitored regularly.