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Two new lineages CAN-5 and CAN-6 were recognised in four populations of Monachacantiana (Montagu, 1803) s.l. from the Italian Apuan Alps by joint molecular and morphological analysis. They are different from other M.cantiana lineages known from English, Italian, Austrian and French populations, i.e. CAN-1, CAN-2, CAN-3 and CAN-4, as well as from the other Italian Monacha species used for comparisons (M.parumcincta and M.cartusiana). Although a definite taxonomic and nomenclatural setting seems to be premature, we suggest that the name or names for these new lineages as one or two species should be found among 19th century names (Helixsobara Mabille, 1881, H.ardesa Mabille, 1881, H.apuanica Mabille, 1881, H.carfaniensis De Stefani, 1883 and H.spallanzanii De Stefani, 1884).

Ecologists increasingly appreciate the central role that urban biodiversity plays in ecosystems, however much urban biodiversity is neglected, especially some very diverse groups of invertebrates. For the first time in southern Europe, land snail communities are analysed in four urban habitats along a geographical gradient of three cities, using quantitative methods and assessing the relative roles of local environmental conditions (“distance from sea”, “distance from city centre”, “vegetation cover”) and spatial effects by principal coordinate analysis of neighbour matrices, redundancy analysis and variation partitioning. A total of 53 species was recorded, a richness similar to that of natural areas. At habitat level, species richness did not show a clear increasing trend from more to less urbanized habitats, but rather a homogeneous pattern. At city level, study areas hosted rather heterogeneous species assemblages and biotic homogenization did not seem to have any impact; indeed, only three species could be considered alien. Variation partitioning showed that land snail communities were mostly structured by environmental factors, even when spatial structures independent of measured environmental variables were included: “vegetation cover” and “distance from city centre” were the environmental variables that explained most of the variation in species composition. The lack of strong spatial structure also unexpectedly suggested that transport by humans aids dispersal of organisms with low mobility, which are usually limited by spatial constraints in natural environments. These results provide ecological and conservation implications for other invertebrate groups, suggesting to set priorities in management strategies that include habitat conservation at local scale

Citizen science has grown in importance in recent years: many projects have been launched and records are being collected on an unprecedented scale. However, certain less charismatic invertebrate groups are still underreported and the accuracy and quality of their records in crowd-sourced citizen-science projects have rarely been investigated. Here, we used expert review to conduct quality control of nonmarine mollusc observations from central Italy on the online citizen-science platform iNaturalist (https://www.inaturalist.org/). As of December 2019, c. 400 observations of nonmarine molluscs had been reported from Tuscany on iNaturalist. Most records (59.4%) were identified to species level by the iNaturalist community and included a total of 90 taxa, providing interesting new chorological data of certain entities. Although identification of more than half the observations uploaded by the community was confirmed by expert malacologists, some major issues emerged: low quality of photographic vouchers; bias in favour of a few large common species; poor taxonomic knowledge producing incorrect identifications; and difficulty of identifying many taxa without anatomical study. Expert review remains an essential tool for verification and improvement of data quality in citizen-science projects. In this regard, information on the main diagnostic characters of the more common species (e.g. certain medium–large-sized snails and slugs) as well as tips on how to take good quality photographic images could be provided to volunteers in the form of simple guides and tutorials. High-quality training resources to support recorders and regular feedback and teamwork between scientists and citizens could prevent unverified or inaccurate records from impairing the accuracy of citizen-science datasets and offer a real opportunity to discover and conserve less charismatic taxa.

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