I see this approach as the main thrust of Kingdon's Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies, ibid., though he certainly incorporates the second and third approaches mentioned below. This strand is best exemplified by Roger Cobb and Charles Elder, Participation m American Politics: The Dynamics of Agenda-Building (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1972), chaps. 6 and 7. Cobb and Elder also pay attention to the nature of the participants and to symbolic language (see esp. chaps. 8 and 9), but I think their distinctive contribution is the argument that certain characteristics of a difficult situation determine whether it is likely to expand. 'The work of Murray Edelman dominates this tradition. See his The Symbolic Uses of Politics

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SummaryThe visual marker GUS has been utilized in this study to understand the Arabidopsis thaliana vacuum in®ltration transformation process by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. High transformation frequencies of up to 394 transgenic seeds per in®ltrated plant were achieved. The results showed that the majority of the transgenic seeds from single in®ltrated plants were from independent transformation events based on Southern analysis, progeny segregation, distribution of transgenic seeds throughout the in®ltrated plants and the microscopic analysis of GUS expression in ovules of in®ltrated plants. GUS expression in mature pollen and anthers was monitored daily from 0 to 12 days post-in®ltration. In addition, all ovules from a single in®ltrated plant were examined every other day. GUS expression frequencies of up to 1% of pollen were observed 3±5 days postin®ltration, whereas frequencies of up to 6% were detected with ovules of unopened¯owers 5±11 days post-in®ltration. Most importantly, transgenic seeds were obtained only from genetic crosses using in®ltrated plants as the pollen recipient but not the pollen donor, demonstrating Agrobacterium transformation through the ovule pathway.

Poly(hydroxyalkanoates) are natural polymers with thermoplastic properties. One polymer of this class with commercial applicability, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) can be produced by bacterial fermentation, but the process is not economically competitive with polymer production from petrochemicals. Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) production in green plants promises much lower costs, but producing copolymer with the appropriate monomer composition is problematic. In this study, we have engineered Arabidopsis and Brassica to produce PHBV in leaves and seeds, respectively, by redirecting the metabolic flow of intermediates from fatty acid and amino acid biosynthesis. We present a pathway for the biosynthesis of PHBV in plant plastids, and also report copolymer production, metabolic intermediate analyses, and pathway dynamics.