Recent research indicates that people who are fearful of pain tend to report more negative pain experiences. It also seems that attentional mechanisms may be particularly important in the perception of painful stimuli, especially amongst pain fearful individuals. Drawing on a paradigm used to examine biased cognitive processes in the emotional disorders, the current study investigated whether the fear of pain would be related to a greater selective attentional bias in favour of pain-related stimuli. In order to determine the nature of this bias, stimuli material were varied in terms of whether they were related to pain sensations, were related to socially threatening situations or were relatively positive. Those with a high fear of pain exhibited a selective attentional bias towards pain-related information, compared to those classified as low in the fear of pain. No group differences were found for either social threat or positive stimuli. These results indicate that one reason why those with a high fear of pain are particularly susceptible to negative pain experiences could be due to biased attentional processes. Suggestions for cognitive interventions designed to reduce such biases are discussed, as are directions for future research.

The aim of the current investigation was to compare the effects of two different attentional strategies (focused vs. avoidance) on how males and females respond to experimentally induced pain. One hundred healthy adults were instructed to either attend towards or away from cold pressor pain. Measures of pain tolerance, pain threshold and recovery were taken, as were self-report measures of sensory and affective pain experiences. As expected, gender was found to moderate tolerance to pain: males were found to be more tolerant to cold pressor pain than females. With respect to the self-report measures, males reported less sensory pain when they attended toward the pain than when they avoided it. However, a similar effect was not found in women, suggesting that attentional focusing may only be a useful strategy for males. These results are discussed in light of previous research.

Research suggests that anxiety sensitivity may be an important component in the negative response to pain sensations, especially those with cardiopulmonary origin. Furthermore, there is experimental evidence to suggest that such effects may be stronger in women than men. The primary aim of the current investigation was to determine the relative roles that anxiety sensitivity and gender have on the pain reports of patients referred to a hospital clinic with chest pain. A total of 78 female and 76 male adults were recruited on entry to a Rapid Access Medical Clinic. All patients had been referred with chest pain, and were administered a range of pain and anxiety measures prior to diagnosis. Results indicate that males were more likely to receive a diagnosis of cardiac chest pain, whereas females were more likely to receive a diagnosis of non-cardiac chest pain. Additionally, anxiety sensitivity was related to pain in women but not men. Finally, evidence was found for the mediating effect of negative interpretative bias on the relationship between anxiety sensitivity and pain. However, this mediating effect was only found in women. These results not only confirm that anxiety sensitivity is related to greater negative pain responses in women, but that this may be due to an increased tendency to negatively interpret sensations.

Maternal fear during cesarean section not only fluctuates, but may be influenced by psychosocial factors, including their birth partner. Psychosocial factors were also important predictors of postoperative experiences. Interventions that appropriately manage psychological and social factors during cesarean delivery may facilitate a more positive experience for mothers.

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