Managerial strategies that empower nurses for professional practice may be helpful in preventing workplace incivility, and ultimately, burnout.

The current research explored whether two related yet distinct social competencies -- perspective taking (the cognitive capacity to consider the world from another individual's viewpoint) and empathy (the ability to connect emotionally with another individual) -- have differential effects in negotiations. Across three studies, using both individual difference measures and experimental manipulations, we found that perspective taking increased individuals' ability to discover hidden agreements and to both create and claim resources at the bargaining table. However, empathy did not prove nearly as advantageous and at times was detrimental to discovering a possible deal and achieving individual profit. These results held regardless of whether the interaction was a negotiation in which a prima facie solution was not possible or a multiple-issue negotiation that required discovering mutually beneficial trade-offs. Although empathy is an essential tool in many aspects of social life, perspective taking appears to be a particularly critical ability in negotiations.

Objective. To design and test the reliability and validity of a brief, treatment-focused version of the Diabetes Quality of Life (DQOL) questionnaire for use with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Research design and methods.Questionnaire packets including the DQOL, measures of current diabetes self-care behaviors, and demographic and health characteristics were mailed to 1,080 adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. A total of 498 patients returned completed packets. A threestage statistical process was used to understand the underlying structure of the DQOL and to identify items most predictive of self-care behaviors and satisfaction with diabetes control.Results. Principal components analysis, conducted on 26 items predictive of the main criteria, identified five key underlying factors. For each component, best subset regression analysis was conducted to identify nonredundant questions that best explained self-care behaviors and satisfaction with diabetes control.A combined set of 15 questions was reliable (alpha = 0.85) and valid, though several questions were more relevant to type 1 or type 2 diabetes. For patients with type 1 diabetes, the 15-item brief inventory was equally or more effective at predicting self-care behaviors (shortened scale R 2 = 0.360; full scale R 2 = 0.254) and satisfaction with diabetes control (shortened scale R 2 = 0.562; full scale R 2 = 0.580) than the original 60-item DQOL. For type 2 diabetic patients, only satisfaction with diabetes control was well-predicted, but the 15-item inventory accounted for as much variance as the original 60-item DQOL (shortened scale R 2 = 0.513; full scale R 2 = 0.492). Conclusions. The 15-item DQOLBrief Clinical Inventory provides a total health-related quality of life score that predicts self-reported diabetes care behaviors and satisfaction with diabetes control as effectively as the full version of the instrument. In addition, it provides a vehicle for quickly screening patients for readiness and specific treatment-related concerns. It takes about 10 minutes to administer and can be used to identify quality of life issues that might not arise during the typical patientprovider encounter.

Objective. To examine the psychometric and unit of analysis/strength of culture issues in patient safety culture (PSC) measurement. Data Source. Two cross-sectional surveys of health care staff in 10 Canadian health care organizations totaling 11,586 respondents. Study Design. A cross-validation study of a measure of PSC using survey data gathered using the Modified Stanford PSC survey (MSI-2005 and MSI-2006); a within-group agreement analysis of MSI-2006 data. Extraction Methods. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) of the MSI-05 survey data and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) of the MSI-06 survey data; Rwg coefficients of homogeneity were calculated for 37 units and six organizations in the MSI-06 data set to examine within-group agreement. Principal Findings. The CFA did not yield acceptable levels of fit. EFA and reliability analysis of MSI-06 data suggest two reliable dimensions of PSC: Organization leadership for safety (a 5 0.88) and Unit leadership for safety (a 5 0.81). Within-group agreement analysis shows stronger within-unit agreement than within-organization agreement on assessed PSC dimensions. Conclusions. The field of PSC measurement has not been able to meet strict requirements for sound measurement using conventional approaches of CFA. Additional work is needed to identify and soundly measure key dimensions of PSC. The field would also benefit from further attention to strength of culture/unit of analysis issues.

Objective-To examine the effects of nurse, infant, and organizational factors on delivery of collaborative and evidence-based pain care by nurses. Design-Cross sectional.Setting-Two Level III neonatal intensive care units in 2 large tertiary care centers in Canada.Participants-A convenience sample of 93 nurses completed survey data on procedures they performed on ill neonates. The 93 nurses performed a total of 170 pain producing procedures on 2 different shifts.Main Outcome-Nurse use of evidence-based protocols to manage procedure related pain using a scorecard of nurses' assessment, management, and documentation.Results-Procedural pain care was more likely to meet evidence-based criteria when nurse participants rated nurse-physician collaboration higher (odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence intervals 1.05-1.98), cared for higher care intensity infants (odds ratio, 1.21; 95% confidence intervals, 1.06-1.39), and experienced unexpected increases in work assignments (odds ratio, 1.55; 95% confidence intervals, 1.04-2.30). Nurses' knowledge about the protocols, educational preparation and experience were not significant predictors of evidence-based care for the most common procedures: heel lance and intravenous initiation.Conclusion-Nurse-physician collaboration and nurses' work assignments were more predictive of evidence-based care than infant and nurse factors. Nurses' knowledge regarding evidence-based care was not a predictor of implementation of protocols. In the final statistical modeling, collaboration with physicians, a variable amenable to intervention and further study, emerged as a strong predictor. The results highlight the complex issue of translating knowledge to practice, however, specific