Diabetes is a major cause of mortality worldwide. There are several types of diabetes, with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) being the most common. Many factors, including environmental and genetic factors, are involved in the etiology of the disease. Numerous studies have reported the role of genetic polymorphisms in the initiation and development of T2DM. While genome-wide association studies have identified around more than 200 susceptibility loci, it remains unclear whether these loci are correlated with the pathophysiology of the disease. The present review aimed to elucidate the potential genetic mechanisms underlying T2DM. We found that some genetic polymorphisms were related to T2DM, either in the form of single-nucleotide polymorphisms or direct amino acid changes in proteins. These polymorphisms are potential predictors for the management of T2DM.

Prevalensi luka yang cukup tinggi di Indonesia (8,2%) pada tahun 2013 yang diakibatkan oleh kasus terjatuh (40,9%) dan transportasi kendaraan bermotor (40,6%) memerlukan perhatian berbagai pihak. Diantaranya melalui upaya menumbuhkan kesadaran para pengguna jalan dan edukasi masyarakat akanpentingnya keselamatan. Review ini merupakan hasil penelusuran pustaka yang bertujuan memberikan pengetahuan umum mengenai luka dan bahan alami untuk menyembuhkan luka. Jenis luka yang terjadi bermacam-macam berdasarkan penyebab dan ada tidaknya kontaminasi, yang semuanya memerlukan perawatan agar proses penyembuhan berlangsung cepat. Beberapa bahan alami yang telah terbukti dapat membantu menyembuhkan luka diantaranya yaitu papaya (Carica papaya), babadotan (Ageratum conyzoides), pegagan (Centela asiatica), jarak (Jatropa curcas), kunyit (Curcuma domestica), singkong (Manihot esculenta) dan pisang (Musa paradisiaca).Kata kunci: Luka, bahan alami, menyembuhkan luka.

Gold and silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles that have been widely used in various fields and have shown good benefits. The method of nanoparticle biosynthesis utilizing plant extracts, also known as green synthesis, has become a promising method considering the advantages it has compared to other synthesis methods. This review aims to give an overview of the phytochemical compounds in plants used in the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles, the nanoparticle properties produced using plant extracts based on the concentration and structure of phytochemical compounds, and their applications. Phytochemical compounds play an important role as reducing agents and stabilizers in the stages of the synthesis of nanoparticles. Polyphenol compounds, reducing sugars, and proteins are the main phytochemical compounds that are responsible for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. The concentration of phytochemical compounds affects the physical properties, stability, and activity of nanoparticles. This is important to know to be able to overcome limitations in controlling the physical properties of the nanoparticles produced. Based on structure, the phytochemical compounds that have ortho-substituted hydroxyl result in a smaller size and well-defined shape, which can lead to greater activity and stability. Furthermore, the optimal condition of the biosynthesis process is required to gain a successful reaction that includes setting the metal ion concentration, temperature, reaction time, and pH.