Error analysis on students’ language performance has been massively discussed, yet few studies focused on teachers’ errors. Meanwhile, one of the main causes of students’ errors is the errors transferred from teachers. As the learners used to imitate their teachers sounds’ production, EFL teachers need to minimize errors when teaching at elementary school concerning the learners’ best period to acquire and learn a foreign language. The present study investigates EFL teachers’ pronunciation errors, specifically to find out the forms and causes of pronunciation errors in segmented vowels produced by the teachers. The research participants are 20 English teachers selected from various public and private elementary schools in Yogyakarta who were invited to pronounce 62 English words. The teachers were also required to fill out a questionnaire to find out external factors which are assumed can trigger the errors. The findings delineated that the teachers produced various forms of pronunciation errors in English vowels. The causes of errors lie in interlingual transfer, intralingual transfers, pronunciation differences between graphemes and sounds, hypercorrection, and words similarity. The external factors are also scrutinized, which include educational background and teachers’ lack of English practice. The study suggests that elementary EFL teachers in Indonesia should improve their pronunciation by frequently practicing and having intensive pronunciation training to teach better English to their learners.

As opposed to informational purposes, phatic utterances hold a bigger role in human communication that is to keep social relations among people. Though people hardly ever notice the importance of phatic utterances, these are the utterances that indispensable in their daily basis communication used to avoid the sense of impoliteness, especially when meeting people they are familiar with. In uttering phatic, people use a variety of ways including raising humor. The humourous phatic utterances are interesting to be analyzed in order to investigate the implementation of politeness strategies used along with the production of phatic utterances. To the researcher's best knowledge, the link between humorous phatic utterances and politeness strategies has not become the concern of previous researches. Therefore, this research was conducted to describe phatic utterances conveyed by the characters of a widely known situation comedy (sitcom) Friends and also to find out the politeness strategies applied when uttering the phatic utterances. The researcher used solidarity and deference of politeness strategies as proposed by Yule (1996) to analyze each phatic utterance found. The design of this research was descriptive qualitative. The data were documented from the sitcom episode 21-24. The data were analyzed by describing the context used and giving the explanation of each datum that was included in phatic utterances. After conducting the analysis, it is found that there are 37 phatic utterances used in the sitcom. Politeness strategies are always applied in any phatic utterances found and the most frequently used politeness strategy is solidarity strategy.

Korespondensi bisnis berupa e-mail memiliki peranan yang penting bagi freight forwarder untuk menunjang tugasnya sebagai perantara antara eskportir dan importir. Penguasaan gaya, format, dan bagian-bagian penting dalam e-mail merupakan pekerjaan yang tidak mudah, terlebih lagi jika dituliskan dengan bahasa Inggris sehingga menjadi tantangan tersendiri bagi freight forwarder. Penelitian ini mencoba menginvestigasi kendala dan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh perusahaan freight forwarding di Indonesia dalam melakukan korespondensi bisnis berbahasa Inggris, serta menganalisis sejauh mana peran korespondensi bisnis terhadap kinerja freight forwarder. Penelitian ini melibatkan lima perusahaan freight forwarding yang berlokasi di DKI Jakarta. Data dikumpulkan melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara kepada staf yang menangani korespondensi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa gaya komunikasi e-mail yang dibuat oleh perusahaan freight forwarding cenderung bersifat tidak resmi dengan banyaknya penggunaan singkatan dan bentuk e-mail yang ringkas. Selain itu, terdapat beberapa kendala dalam melakukan korespondensi, yaitu minimnya pengetahuan tentang komponen penyusun e-mail, kurangnya kemampuan bahasa Inggris, minimnya pengetahuan tentang gaya penulisan e-mail, dan kesalahan interpretasi. Kendala-kendala yang dihadapi dalam korespondensi tersebut membawa dampak pada aktivitas ekspor impor berupa keterlambatan proses transaksi, adanya keluhan pelanggan hingga kerugian finansial. Karyawan yang mengurusi surat-menyurat hendaknya diberikan pelatihan korespondensi bisnis yang intensif agar dapat memahami susunan, gaya penulisan, dan pola korespondensi bisnis yang lazim digunakan di dunia bisnis internasional secara terperinci. Di samping itu, peningkatan kemampuan bahasa Inggris bagi karyawan khususnya yang menjalankan kegiatan korespondensi bisnis, perlu untuk dilakukan dengan memberikan pelatihan bahasa Inggris khususnya terkait penulisan dan tata bahasa.

Research aims: Investment plays an essential role in the business growth of a company and the economy to develop more broadly. The role makes each institution implement investment targets and takes all actions to support the realization of investment targets. This study proves that foreign investors can change the investment behavior of companies and the interaction among decisions. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study used a dynamic panel data analysis method based on the financial statements of 100 manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). Research findings: Increasing foreign ownership does not always reduce agency problems. The analysis shows that the level of share ownership of foreign investors changed the company's investment behavior. These results indicate that there are different agency problems in different ownership level of foreign investors. Theoretical contribution/Originality: This study provides a new perspective and empirical evidence that the relationship between agency problems and foreign share ownership is not static. Practitioner/Policy implication: This study analyzes the effect of the composition of foreign investors on the allocation of corporate funds by investigating capital asset investment and current asset investment interactions. This research contributes to the firm's ability to control its own goals. Research limitation/Implication: This research has not considered the company's risk characteristics related to the type of industry. For further research development, it is necessary to consider the company's risk characteristics to enhance the analysis.