Peptic ulcer is an acid related disorder of gastrointestinal tract. Gastritis, erosions, and peptic ulcer of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract require gastric acid for their formation. Peptic ulcer disease differs from gastritis and erosions in that ulcers typically extend deeper into the muscularis mucosa. There are three common forms of peptic ulcers, Helicobacter pylori associated, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced, and stress ulcers. The term "stress-related mucosal damage" is preferred to stress ulcer or stress gastritis, because the mucosal lesions range from superficial gastritis and erosions to deep ulcers. Chronic peptic ulcers vary in etiology, clinical presentation, and tendency to recur. HP-associated and NSAID induced ulcers develop most often in the stomach and duodenum of ambulatory patients. Occasionally, ulcers develop in the esophagus, jejunum, ileum, or colon. Peptic ulcers are also associated with Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (ZES), radiation, chemotherapy, and vascular insufficiency. In contrast, acute ulcers (Stress related mucosal disease) occur primarily in the stomach in critically ill hospitalized patient. This chapter focuses on chronic Peptic ulcer associated with Helicobacter pylori and NSAIDs. A brief discussion of ZES and upper Gastrointestinal tract bleeding related to Peptic ulcer and Stress related mucosal disease is included.

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<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Dermatological problems occur in more than 90% of patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection.In recent years, epidemiological studies have shown that persons with ulcerative and non-ulcerative Sexually Transmitted Infections are more susceptible to HIV but minimal data exist that describe the epidemiology of HIV positivity in different dermatological manifestation. The objective of the study was to study the epidemiology of different dermatological and venereological disease associated with HIV.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective study was performed in patients attending in Dermatology &amp; Venereology OPD of a tertiary care hospital and referred for HIV ELISA testing with suspicious manifestation that can be associated with HIV infection from the period to June 2015 to May 2016 using a structured questionnaire. These patients were included on the basis of clinical symptoms, signs, morphology of the lesion and then HIV testing done by rapid ELISA test.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Out of 3234 patients with suspicious dermatological and venereological manifestation 56 patients were diagnosed as seropositive. Out of these 56 patients 30 (53.57%) had dermatological manifestation while 26 (46.43%) had venereological features.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Persistent and recurrent nature of viral infections is responsible for their increasing trend in the current scenario. Though HIV and STIs are perfect examples of epidemiologic synergy as they are core transmitters of each other, different dermatological manifestations can also give the idea to diagnose HIV infections. HIV being higher in married individuals further underlines the importance of contact tracing, counseling, and prompt management of the partners.</p>

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