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Oral cancer causes over 350 000 deaths annually worldwide. Although most cases are in Asia, the incidence of oral cancer is rising across the world. Despite recent advances in screening methods, oral cancer remains a significant cause of mortality and morbidity. The 5-year survival rate (50%–60%) has not improved over the past several decades. Early detection and accurate diagnosis of the disease can improve the survival rate and patients’ quality of life. This article provides a topical review of current and emerging techniques for screening and diagnosing oral cancer. Currently available technologies have only been moderately useful towards identifying oral cancer early, motivating the development of novel approaches to address this goal. In this article, we provide an overview of adjunctive screening aids, including biofluid (saliva and serum) diagnostics, vital staining, brush biopsy, chemiluminescence, and tissue autofluorescence. Furthermore, we discuss diagnostic imaging modalities, such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, ultrasound (including traditional B-mode imaging, color Doppler, and elastography), photoacoustics imaging, and optical coherence tomography, and artificial intelligence-based methods, which are either being used clinically or are under development for oral cancer staging. The physical and biological basis underpinning each technique are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations in the technological and clinical context. The review concludes with a discussion of the future perspectives in this rapidly evolving field.

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Aim: Excision repair cross complementation group 1 (ERCC1) has a key role in enhanced DNA damage repair caused by oxaliplatin-based therapy and may lead to resistance of these platinum drugs in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Hence, the present preliminary study aimed to explore the role of ERCC1 C/T polymorphism at codon 118 as well as its immunoreactivity in patients with primary CRC. Methods: ERCC1 polymorphism was studied using PCR-RFLP and ERCC1 protein expression was examined by immunohistochemistry in 50 CRC patients. Results: ERCC1 codon 118 C/T polymorphism analysis reported the predominance of C/T (52%) genotype as compared to C/C (38%) and T/T (10%) genotypes. Furthermore, 72% of patients showed positive ERCC1 protein expression. Significant correlation was not observed between clinicopathological parameters and ERCC1 polymorphism, while ERCC1 protein expression significantly correlated only with tumor site (colon vs. rectum) (P = 0.046). Further, the present study failed to demonstrate the role of ERCC1 C118T polymorphism or protein expression as useful prognostic markers in CRC patients. Conclusion: ERCC1-positive protein expression may be a useful marker for rectal cancer patients. However, further evaluation in a larger set of CRC patients is required to better understand the role of ERCC1. Key words:Excision repair cross complementation group 1, oxaliplatin, colorectal cancer, polymorphism, protein expression, PCR-RFLP, immunohistochemistry ABSTRACTArticle history:

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