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<p>This study investigates connections amongst geomorphological activity, geological history and organic carbon storage for trees, shrubs and herbs along valley floors of channel networks in small, steep drainage basins in the Canadian Rockies. The amount of potential storage space for organic carbon often varies considerably along valley floors in mountainous terrain due to variability in valley floor widths resulting from large-scale tectonic controls. Vegetation density on valley floors is anticipated to show significant variability along channel networks in steep terrain due to changing environmental conditions (e.g., climate, moisture, geomorphic disturbances). Valley floor widths were measured and analyzed for two steep drainage basins, Ribbon Creek and Porcupine Creek, in the Front Ranges of the Canadian Rockies. Results show that the complex tectonic history and associated geological structures and bedrock type influence valley floors widths, with no regular, discernible pattern in an upstream direction. Field surveys were undertaken to document vegetation density along these same channel networks. Geomorphological processes, such as debris flows and other mass wasting events, influence grain sizes along valley floors in the study drainage basins. Substrate characteristics, such as grain size, were found to influence vegetation density along channel networks. Finally, total organic carbon storage along valley floors is determined for Ribbon Creek and Porcupine Creek. Values of total organic carbon storage are influenced by the joint controls of potential storage space for organic carbon that results from the tectonic history and the control of geomorphological activity on substate conditions and vegetation density.</p>

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Introduction: Despite oral cancer being a common cancer in Nepal, little is known about oral potentially malignant disorders which have a high likelihood of malignant transformation. This study aims to find out the prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders among patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of a tertiary care dental hospital. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out among 611 patients from 14th January, 2021 to 15th July, 2021 at the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of a tertiary care centre after receiving ethical clearance from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2306202002). Convenience sampling was done. Patients aged 18 years and above were enrolled into the study. Follow-up cases and patients requiring emergency treatment were, however, excluded. All demographic data, cancer and dietary history and clinical examinations were recorded. Descriptive analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22.0. Point estimate was done at a 95% Confidence Interval for frequency and percentages for binary data. Results: Among 611 total participants, the prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders was found to be 26 (4.25%) (2.65-5.85 at a 95% Confidence Interval), where males were 19 (73.07%), females were 7 (26.92%), and 23 (88.46%) of them had history of consuming various forms of tobacco, areca nut, and alcohol. Conclusions: The prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders in this hospital-based study was found to be lower than previous studies conducted in similar settings.