Corneal neovascularization (CNV) may be a physiological response to various stimuli, but a chronic and persistent upregulation of neoangiogenesis can result in pathological CNV. Pathological blood vessels are immature and lack structural integrity, predisposing the cornea to lipid exudation, inflammation, and scarring. CNV can therefore become a potentially blinding condition. In this review, we frame CNV in an epidemiological perspective, consider risk factors for CNV, provide an overview of CNV pathogenesis, and consider the impact of CNV on corneal transplantation. We consider treatments that are of largely historical interest, before reviewing contemporary medical and surgical treatments. Within medical treatments, we report on steroids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, antivascular endothelial growth factor agents, and cyclosporine. Within surgical treatments, we report on the use of lasers, photodynamic therapy, superficial keratectomy, and diathermy/cautery-based treatments.

Isolating the macula may be the more important role of the endotamponade agent and therefore a large long-acting gas-fill may eliminate the requirement to FDP. Benefits include faster postoperative rehabilitation, improved patient compliance, faster return to work, and an increased number of patients eligible for surgery.

Non-trap-door type of floor fractures can have a successful outcome with delayed repair. This can avoid unnecessary surgery in selected cases. A management protocol is proposed.

The Burnett-isochoric (B-I) method has been used to measure gas densities and virial coefficients for butane from 265 to 450 K (IPTS, 1990;Preston-Thomas, 1990). Two independent B-I runs were performed but both with a base isotherm of 450 K, which is well above the critical temperature of 425 K. Significant physical adsorption of butane molecules onto the highly-polished, stainless steel cell walls was found below 375 K in agreement with conclusions reached by Ewing and associates in comparing their sonicvelocity-based density virial coefficients with those from the P-V-T literature. Our data below 375 K were then corrected for adsorption errors by previously published procedures developed by our laboratory for highly polar gases. Using statistical weighting of our two B-I runs, recommended density second virial coefficients B(T) are reported from 265 to 450 K whereas third virial coefficients C(T) are reported only from 325 to 450 K as values below 325 K are too uncertain due to the vapor pressure dropping under 300 kPa. However, then the virial equation of state truncated after B(T) is sufficient to represent the gas densities. At the lower temperatures of this investigation, our B(T) values lie between those from sonic velocities and the more negative values from the P-V-T literature, which are uncorrected for adsorption errors; we are closer to the values from sonic velocities and about 1 / 4 of the way between the two sets. At the higher temperatures, we agree very closely with the better P-V-T measurements whereas the sonic-velocity-based values become increasingly more negative.

The purpose of this study was to present the management of a series of patients referred with infraorbital nerve paraesthesia that developed after insignificant orbital floor fracture without diplopia or exophthalmos, and that did not require initial surgical repair. This is a retrospective interventional case series. The main outcome and measures were assessment of preoperative symptoms including neuralgia and sensory symptoms; review of periorbital computed tomography (CT) scans; and assessment of postoperative effects of surgery for infraorbital nerve decompression. Nine patients were identified who developed neuralgia affecting the infraorbital nerve distribution from a cohort of 79 patients who presented with orbital floor fracture. Six were female and three were male. Age range was 22 to 73 years with a mean of 48 years. Six patients were clinically depressed due to the chronic pain. In addition, two patients had dizziness on upgaze; one patient had blurring of central vision on eye movements; and one patient had mood swings. Reviews of CT scans revealed subtle disruption of the infraorbital canal in all cases. All nine patients underwent infraorbital nerve decompression. Abnormal adhesions between the nerve and its bony canal were found in five of nine cases. Follow-up ranged from 3 to 37 months (mean: 18 months). Following surgery, after a variable period of time ranging from 1 day to 3 months, all patients had resolution of their symptoms. Mean follow-up was 18 months. Reconstructive surgeons should be aware that infraorbital nerve neuralgia, secondary to disruption of the nerve in the distorted bony canal, may be another indication for surgical intervention following orbital floor trauma in selected cases, in addition to more traditionally accepted indications. Neuralgia and causalgia are probably more common than previously thought and symptoms should be actively sought in the patient's history or else risk being overlooked and inappropriately managed. Long-term follow-up of such patients is unlikely to be practical. Patient and/or family practitioner education of possible sequelae may be one possible solution to detect this type of problem early. Nerve decompression, where indicated, may improve the patient's neuralgia and associated behavioral changes and quality of life. An optimal diagnostic and management algorithm is yet to be established.