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Background: Globally, human population in increasing at a very fast rate which is decreasing the land coverage with time. It was found that only 4% of the area is left for cultivating fodder. As a consequence, livestock is dependent on crop residues that are poor in dietary quality, crude protein with high fibre. Also the concentrate, most vital element in animal diet is very expensive and responsible for reducing the income. It is the need of the hour to develop cheap protein sources to promote adequate growth along with raising income. Under this context, Azolla pinnata can act as the best source for protein substitution. The present investigation was carried out to study the effect of protein replacement through Azolla pinnata on performance of Sahiwal female calves. Method: The experiment were conducted in 18 growing Sahiwal female calves distributed into three groups (T0, T1and T2) for 90 days. The animals in (T0) group were fed as per ICAR 2013 feeding standards, while (T1) and T2 group was fed by replacing 15%, 30% protein content of concentrate with Azolla pinnata on DM basis respectively. Results: Proximate analysis of Azolla pinnata revealed that it has higher CP value (26.50% on DM basis) and there was no significant difference in total dry matter intake, CP intake and TDN intake in all the treatment groups. The average daily live-weight gain (ADG) was higher in T2 followed by T1 group. Thus, it can be concluded that Azolla pinnata can be used as a novel initiative for protein replacement in Sahiwal female calves.

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Human-wildlife conflict is unfavorable interactions between people and wild animals that hurt both people and their resources as well as wildlife and their habitats. The study was conducted in the year 2021-2022 in the surrounding villages of Ranthambore Tiger Reserve to understand the type of conflict and strategies adopted to prevent conflict. Garret ranking method was used to assess degree of vulnerability of crops and livestock towards wild animals and vice versa and strategies to prevent conflict. Farmers have grown 10 types of crops among them maize and among livestock goat was highly preferred by wild animals. Farmers mostly followed seven strategies to prevent conflict out of seven, fencing around the field and guarding crops and livestock by humans was found most effective strategies and eight practices were followed by forest officials to prevent conflict out of eight, boundary wall around the reserve area was most effective practice.

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