Aim: The aim of this study was to assess and compare the quantity of apically debris which was extruded apically by TruNatomy (TN), ProTaper Next (PTN), HyFlex electric discharge machining (EDM), and HyFlex controlled memory (CM), following root canal preparation. Materials and Methods: Sixty extracted single-canal mandibular premolars were used. The root canal preparation was done with TN, HyFlex EDM, PTN, or HyFlex CM files. The preweight debris, which was extruded apically, was collected in the Eppendorf tube and later on incubated at 670°C for 3 days and weighed again to record the extruded debris. Results: The result showed that there was a significant reduction in debris extrusion by TN system, followed by PTN system, HyFlex EDM, and maximum extrusion in HyFlex CM ( P < 0.05). Between the PTN and TN groups as well as between the HyFlex EDM and HyFlex CM groups, statistically significant difference was not observed ( P > 0.05). Conclusion: Apical debris extrusion is the inherent nature of the all file systems. Nevertheless, the TN file system produced substantially minimum debris extrusion among other systems compared in the study.

Taxonomic review for 11 species referable to six genera under the tribe Nymphalini has been presented. Taxonomic characterization, and elucidation of external genitalic attributes, has been done for five species namely, Nymphalis xanthomelas (Esper), Polygonia c-album (Linnaeus), Kaniska canace (Linnaeus), Symbrenthia lilaea (Hewitson) and Symbrenthia hypselis (Godart) from western Himalaya, India. Along with that, distribution and taxonomic remarks on species Symbrenthia niphanda Moore and Symbrenthia brabira Moore, and species under genera Aglais Dalman and Vanessa Fabricius from the western Himalaya has been discussed from the older literature. Major gaps in the taxonomic history of the tribe Nymphalini has been mentioned in the concluding remarks.

This paper reports the first record of Vagrans egista sinha (Kollar, 1844) (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea: Nymphalidae) from Himachal Pradesh, India, extending its known distribution (Dehradun to Sikkim, Bengal, Orissa, Assam and Burma) by 250 km westward, beyond the Sutlej defile.

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(PB) and Officer In-charge, Z.S.I., Solan (HP) for providing access to the museum specimens present in the respective institutes. I am also grateful to the museum in-charge of both the institutes. Abstract: Characters of external genitalia are considered as one of the important criteria to understand the taxonomy of insects. In the present study, various taxonomic characters of the male and female external genitalia and wing venation of six species under the genus Junonia Hübner viz., orythia (Linnaeus, 1758), iphita (Cramer, [1779]), almana (Linnaeus, 1758), lemonias (Linnaeus, 1758), hierta (Fabricius, 1798), atlites (Linnaeus, 1763), have been described and illustrated in detail. Besides, brief diagnoses and identification keys based on external genitalia, morphological variations and taxonomic remarks have been given for all taxa. A taxonomic study of six species of the genus