A series of multidrug extransporters known as the multidrug and potentially toxic extrusion (MATE) genes are found in all living things and are crucial for the removal of heavy metal ions, metalloids, exogenous xenobiotics, endogenous secondary metabolites, and other toxic substances from the cells. However, there has only been a small amount of them in silico analysis of the MATE family of genes in plant species. In the current study, the MATE gene family was characterized in silico where two families and seven subfamilies based on their evolutionary relationships were proposed. Plant breeders may use TraesCS1D02G030400, TraesCS4B02G244400, and TraesCS1A02G029900 genes for marker-assisted or transgenic breeding to develop novel cultivars since these genes have been hypothesized from protein-protein interaction study to play a critical role in the transport of toxic chemicals across cells. The exon number varies from 01 to 14. One exon has TraesCS1A02G188100, TraesCS5B02G562500, TraesCS6A02G256400, and TraesCS6D02G384300 genes, while 14 exons have only two genes that are TraesCS6A02G418800 and TraesCS6D02G407900. Biological stress (infestations of disease) affects the expression of most of the MATE genes, with the gene TraesCS5D02G355500 having the highest expression level in the wheat expression browser tool. Using the Grain interpretation search engine tool, it is found that the vast bulk of MATE genes are voiced throughout biotic environmental stresses caused by disease pests, with the genotype TraesCS5B02G326600.1 from family 1 exhibiting the greatest level of expression throughout Fusarium head blight infection by Fusarium graminearum after 4 days of infection. The researchers constructed 39 ternary plots, each with a distinct degree of expression under biotic and abiotic stress settings, and observed that 44% of the triplets have imbalanced outputs (extreme values) due to their higher tissue specificity and increased intensity.

A simple, precise, and robust high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed and validated for the determination of berberine chloride and guggulsterone Z in herbal formulation. Chromatographic separation was achieved on aluminium plates precoated with silica gel G60F254 as the stationary phase and toluene-acetonitrile-formic acid (5:3:0.5 v/v/v) as the mobile phase. Densitometric evaluation was carried out at 264 nm. The present method was validated according to ICH guidelines. The Rf value of berberine chloride and guggulsterone Z was found to be 0.40 ± 0.02 and 0.68 ± 0.02, respectively. The response in terms of peak area was found to be linear over the concentration range of 100-500 ng/spot for berberine chloride and 200-1000 ng/spot for guggulsterone Z with regression coefficient value greater than 0.995 for both the phytoconstituents. The method was validated by determining its accuracy, precision, robustness, specificity and system suitability. The method was found to be accurate, precise and robust to carry out the simultaneous estimation of berberine chloride and guggulsterone Z. The developed method was successfully applied for the simultaneous estimation of berberine chloride and guggulsterone Z in herbal formulation.

Background: Multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) genes are a group of multidrug efflux transporters that widely exists in all living organisms and play a major role in the detoxification of heavy metals, metalloids, exogenous xenobiotics and endogenous secondary metabolites out of the cells. However, insilico analysis of MATE gene family in plant species is very limited and thus such analysis need to be elucidated in wheat.Results: We have identified forty-four MATE genes in wheat and categorized into seven families based on their phylogenetic analysis. Further, 43 genes were found to exhibit protein-protein interaction at the protein level by using STRING software. We observed that the maximum number of exons i.e., 14 was identified in genes TraesCS6A02G418800.1 and TraesCS6D02G407900.1. We employed MEME software to find protein motifs associated with the MATE genes where maximum number of motifs were set to 22. Here, the protein motifs among the families 1,2 and 3 were significantly different from the rest. We found that the majority of MATE genes were showing expressions during biotic stress conditions due to disease infestations and the highest level of expression was shown by the gene TraesCS5B02G326600.1 belonging to family 1 which got expressed during Fusarium head blight infestation by Fusarium graminearum after 4 days of inoculation by using Wheat expression browser tool. A total of 39 ternary plots consisting of homoeologous genes for 39 MATE genes, showing different level of expressions during biotic and abiotic stress conditions were composed, where we found 44 % of the triads tend to show non balanced expressions (extreme values) due to their higher tissue- specificity and greater intensity.Conclusion: The results obtained from this study indicated that total 44 MATE genes were found to be directly involved in the metabolism of wheat and were expressed during different biotic and abiotic stress conditions. So such genes can be further evaluated for their interaction with heavy toxic metal elements and sequestration from the cells.