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Clustering is a primary data description method in data mining which group's most similar data. The data clustering is an important problem in a wide variety of fields. Including data mining, pattern recognition, and bioinformatics. There are various algorithms used to solve this problem. This paper presents the comparison of the performance analysis of Fuzzy C mean (FCM) clustering algorithm and compares it with Hard C Mean (HCM) algorithm on Iris flower data set. We measure Time complexity and space Complexity of FCM and HCM at Iris data [1] set. FCM clustering [2, 3] is a clustering technique which is separated from Hard C Mean that employs hard partitioning. The FCM employs fuzzy portioning such that a point can belong to all groups with different membership grades between 0 and 1.

Machine learning (ML) and Deep learning (DL) models are popular in many areas, from business, medicine, industries, healthcare, transportation, smart cities, and many more. However, the conventional centralized training techniques may not apply to upcoming distributed applications, which require high accuracy and quick response time. It is mainly due to limited storage and performance bottleneck problems on the centralized servers during the execution of various ML and DL-based models. However, federated learning (FL) is a developing approach to training ML models in a collaborative and distributed manner. It allows the full potential exploitation of these models with unlimited data and distributed computing power. In FL, edge computing devices collaborate to train a global model on their private data and computational power without sharing their private data on the network, thereby offering privacy preservation by default. But the distributed nature of FL faces various challenges related to data heterogeneity, client mobility, scalability, and seamless data aggregation. Moreover, the communication channels, clients, and central servers are also vulnerable to attacks which may give various security threats. Thus, a structured vulnerability and risk assessment are needed to deploy FL successfully in reallife scenarios. Furthermore, the scope of FL is expanding in terms of its application areas, with each area facing different threats. In this paper, we analyze various vulnerabilities present in the FL environment and design a literature survey of possible threats from the perspective of different application areas. Also, we review the most recent defensive algorithms and strategies used to guard against security and privacy threats in those areas. For a systematic coverage of the topic, we considered various applications under four main categories: space, air, ground, and underwater communications. We also compared the proposed methodologies regarding the underlying approach, base model, datasets, evaluation matrices, and achievements. Lastly, various approaches' future directions and existing drawbacks are discussed in detail.

Mining association rules at multiple levels helps in finding more specific and relevant knowledge. While computing the number of frequency of an item we need to scan the given database many times. So we used counting inference approach for finding frequent itemsets at each concept levels which reduce the number of scan. In this paper, we purpose a new algorithm LWFT which follow the topdown progressive deepening method and it is based on existing algorithms for finding multiple level association rules. This algorithm is efficient for finding frequent itemsets from large databases.