<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Monitoring the urban development/change is of critical importance in planning the future infrastructure of a city. The use of satellite images in urban related studies has yielded in exemplary results. The city of Bengaluru, with high variation in urban landscape is most suited for this study. In this paper, the potential of the SAR imagery in understanding and characterizing the urban features is studied. The SAR images have unique characteristics such as double bounce and corner reflectors which are prominent in an urban landscape. The diverse urban features are characterised by comparing the graphs derived from the image statistics of temporal Sentinel-1 dual polarized data. For the generation of the urban footprint a rule based approach and an object oriented approach has been implemented in this study. The stack of coherence image and synthetic bands derived from image statistics of the VV polarization is used as the input image for the same. The final urban footprint is derived by the comparison of the output from both the methods. The results are authenticated with the urban footprint obtained by optical imagery of the same area for better understanding and improvement of the algorithm. The observations are made regarding the contribution of SAR in the study of urban features and the feasibility of implementation in the mainstream analysis.</p>

Aim: The proposed study aimed to develop a novel ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) method for the estimation of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin in Bulk and Tablet dosage form and validate the method in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Methods: The optimized conditions for the developed UPLC method are Acquity UPLC HIBRA C18 (100mm × 2.1mm, 1.8µ) column maintained at 30°C with a mobile phase consisting of Buffer (0.01N sodium hydrogen phosphate) pH adjusted to 4.0 with dil. orthophosphoric acid: Acetonitrile in the ratio of 60:40%v/v on isocratic mode at a flow rate of 0.3mL/min. Results and conclusion: The sample was detected at 220nm. The retention time for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin was deemed at 1.873min and 1.260min. The developed method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, ruggedness, robustness, and solution stability. The method obeyed Beer’s law in the concentration range of 3.75µg/mL to 22.5µg/mL for Ertugliflozin and 25µg/mL to 150µg/mL for Sitagliptin with a correlation coefficient of 0.999 for Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin respectively. Forced degradation studies were conducted by exposing the drug solution to numerous stress conditions such as acidic, basic, peroxide, neutral, photolytic, and thermal conditions. The net degradation was considered within the limits, indicating that the drug is stable in stressed conditions. The developed method for the estimation of Ertugliflozin and Sitagliptin can be utilized for the routine analysis of Pharmaceutical dosage form.

Objective: The present study aimed to develop a stability-indicating reverse-phase high performance-liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method for the estimation of Sofosbuvir, Velpatasvir, and Voxilaprevir in tablet dosage form and validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. Methods: The optimized conditions for the developed RP-HPLC method are Agilent C18 (250 mm×4.6mm, 5μ) column maintained at 30ºC with a mobile phase consisting of Buffer(0.1%OPA) and Acetonitrile taken in the ratio 55:45%v/v on isocratic mode at flow rate 1.0ml/min. The sample was detected at 220 nm. Results: The retention time of Sofosbuvir, Velpatasvir, and Voxilaprevir was found to be 2.17, 2.731 and 3.55 min respectively. The developed method was validated for accuracy, precision, specificity, ruggedness, robustness and solution stability.