Background: A confirmatory diagnosis of tuberculoid (TL) and borderline TL (BTL) leprosy is dependent on the demonstration of nerve involvement within granuloma or acid-fast bacilli. It is very difficult to identify nerve elements in hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stains. S-100 stain in this study is used to highlight nerve in TL leprosy so as to reach a definitive diagnosis of TL leprosy. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was to demonstrate nerve involvement and various changes of nerves in different forms of leprosy and use of S-100/or confirmation of TL leprosy/BTL leprosy. Materials and Methods: Skin biopsies of a total of 53 cases of leprosy were studied. The study is conducted in the department of pathology, HIMS, Safedabad, Barabanki U.P. The present study included all the new leprosy patients visiting the outpatient department of Skin and V.D, department, HIMS, Safedabad, Barabanki, U.P. Study period was 2015–2016 (1 year). All biopsies were studied in H&E stain. Biopsies were further subjected to S-100 stain so as to make a confirmatory diagnosis of TL leprosy/BTL and were then classified according to Ridley-Jopling classification only histological parameters of classification were used in this study. Results: In the present study, it was observed that the majority of patients were between the ages of 31 and 40 years (39.5%), males were mostly affected (10.5%), and family history was positive (8.4%). Hypopigmented skin lesion was the most common clinical lesion (31.2%).TT was the most common clinical diagnosis (25.4%). IL was the most common histopathological diagnosis (26.1%). The nerve changes were demonstrated in TL/BTL leprosy using S-100 immunostain. It was observed that the most of the cases of TL/BTL demonstrated fragments of nerves that were infiltrated by lymphocytes. This was the most common pattern seen among the patients of TL/BTL leprosy. Complete nerve was not identified in any of the cases. Conclusions: S-100 immunostain simplified detection of nerve twigs in TL/BTL leprosy. It was also seen that the most of the fragmented nerve elements were present within the granulomas. The TL spectrum of leprosy significantly affected nerves and using S-100 helped in differentiating it from other forms of leprosy.

Background: Leprosy or “Hansen Disease” is chronic inflammatory disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This disease is the oldest disease known to mankind. Leprosy is also known as “Kushtaroga.”. Leprosy was considered as an eradicated disease in 2005 but still a large number of leprosy cases are being reported in India. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to demonstrate that leprosy even being eradicated continuous to be a major health concern with changing trends. Materials and Methods: This study is a a hospital-based crossectional study; it involves all new patients of leprosy attending dermatology O.P.D HIMS, Safedabad, Barabanki, U.P. from 2015 to 2016. The cases were classified as per Ridley – jopling classification. Skin biopsies were taken from all clinically suspected cases of leprosy and these biopsies were studied using H&E stain. Results: In our study, 53 leprosy cases were registered from April 2015 to April 2016. According to demographic details of leprosy cases, maximum number of cases were in the age group 31–40 years 38.9% and in individuals <20 years 10.5%. Majority of cases were males (11.3%). The family history of leprosy was present in 9.4% of patients. Hypopigmented lesion on skin was most common symptom (32.1%). TT was most common clinical diagnosis (26.4%). IL was common histopathological diagnosis (26.4%). Atrophy of epidermis was seen in 50.9% of patients. Paucibacillary was seen in 62.3% of patients. Most of the cases were from Safedabad. Conclusion: Leprosy although reported to be eradicated still continues to be one of the common communicable disease in Uttar Pradesh, India. This necessitates to strengthen screening of cases, early detection, and revival of our knowledge regarding the disease.