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Despite the popular impression of prisons and other carceral spaces as disconnected from broader social systems, they are traversed by various circulations that reach within and beyond their boundaries. This paper opens a new analytical window onto this reality, developing the concept of D H teasing apart the emerging carceral landscape to provide a new critical epistemology for carceral geographies. In so doing, a meta-institutional agenda for critical carceral geography is derived, and possible ways to short-circuit carceral systems are revealed. KeywordsCarceral geography, circuit, circulation, counter-mapping, prison, institution. Nick Gill 1 , Deirdre Conlon, Dominique Moran and Andrew BurridgePlease note: the definitive version of this paper will appear in the journal Progress in Human Geography. This version is a pre-print, pre-proof version.1 Corresponding author, University of Exeter, UK. 2 Carceral Circuitry: Opening RemarksIn February 2016 the BBC (2016) reported the increasing use of drones to fly drugs, mobile phones and other contraband into British prisons. While no instances of smuggling by drones were detected in 2013, by 2015 33 instances had been recorded. The biggest find, in December 2015, featured a drone, drugs, a mobile phone, a phone charger and USB cards. Drone flights have reportedly become so common, especially during night hours, that prison staff find them unremarkable (The Guardian, 2016a). Dronedrops, alongside the stillincreasingly supplementing in-person smuggling such as during visits; with services on the outside.The rise of what the UK prison authorities call (The Guardian, 2016a) illustrates the unprecedented pressure that the prison boundary is under. The popular impression of prisons as impervious, closed-in on themselves and cut-off from the wider world is being challenged by rising prison populations and technological innovations that have precipitated all manner of mobilities and circulations both within prison walls and across them. Geographers have critically discussed G in order to call attention to this inter-connectedness of prisons and other carceral spaces (Moran, 2015;Fortes, 2015; although see Schliehe, forthcoming, for a recovery of Goff T intention has been to counter the imagination of a closed-off and sealed carceral institution, discussing instead the liminal spaces prisons (Moran, 2015: 90).These interventions beg the question of what an meta-institutional geography of the carceral would look like, meaning not simply a geography beyond them, combining supra-, sub-, inter-, intra-and extra-institutional imaginaries and perspectives. Carceral geography is in a strong positon to address such a question because, unlike prison studies, the subject of carcerality is not approached via an institutional lens at the level of the discipline itself. Rather, carceral geographers have already been at pains to emphasise the continuities that stretch across institutional boundaries (Allspach, 2010;Moran, 2015;Moran et al, 2014) providing an ideal foundation for ...

Coinciding with the so-called`Celtic Tiger' boom of the 1990s, Ireland experienced a momentous shift in long-standing patterns of migration, with significant in-migration and an unprecedented change in population dynamics. Asylum seekers form a small and noteworthy group within the population in association with several recent legislative changes. In 2003 a previously granted guarantee of residency rights for so-called`non-national' migrant parents whose children were born in Ireland was withdrawn; subsequently, in 2004 voters endorsed a referendum doing away with the Irish Constitution's provision for birthright citizenship. With this, many asylum seekers and their children who were born in Ireland were excluded from the possibility of establishing intimate ties within society and to the state. This social context forms the backdrop for examining the intersections between governmentality and the intimate ties between populations and nation-state. Drawing on recent attention to Foucault's lectures on Security, Territory, Population, three specifics themes are elaborated; these are: (i) government as a continuum of overlapping apparatuses; (ii) intersections between sovereign territory and population; and (iii) the question of the state in Foucault's work. These themes are elucidated with reference to housing policies, living conditions, and newsprint discourses that prevailed upon women asylum seekers in particular prior to Ireland's 2004 citizenship referendum. The associated unraveling and rearrangement of governmental practices and rejigging of the Irish State highlights some of the ways intimacy and population are tangled together as populations are produced.

In this article, we argue that destitution economies of migration control are specific circuits of exchange and value constituted by migration control practices that produce migrant and refugee destitution. Comparative analysis of three case studies, including border encampment in Thailand, deprivation in U.S. immigration detention centers, and deterrence through destitution in the United Kingdom, demonstrate that circuits of value depend on the detachment of workers from citizenship and simultaneously produce both migrant destitution and new forms of value production. Within destitution economies, migration and asylum's particular juridico-political position as domestic, foreign, and securitized allows legal regimes to produce migrants and asylum seekers as distinct economic subjects: forsaken recipients of aid. Although they might also work for pay, we argue that destitute migrants and asylum seekers have value for others through the grinding labor of living in poverty. That is, in their categorization as migrants and asylum seekers, they occupy a particular position in relation to economic circuits. These economic circuits of migration control, in turn, rely on the destitution of mobile people. Our approach advances political geographies of migration, bordering, and exclusion as well as economic geographies of marketization and value, arguing that the predominance of political analysis and critique of immigration and asylum regimes obscures how those regimes produce circuits of value in and through law, state practices, and exclusion. Furthermore, law, state power, and forced mobility constitute circuits of value and marketization. Conceptualizing these migration control practices as destitution economies illuminates novel transformations of the political and economic geographies of migration, borders, and inequality.

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