PurposeThe authors explore how home and host market institutions impact emerging market (EM) international entrepreneurship (IE) into developed markets.Design/methodology/approachBased on four case studies of Nigerian entrepreneurs expanding into the USA, this qualitative research adopts an institutional perspective to the study of EM IE.FindingsThe findings show home and host formal and informal institutions simultaneously enable and constrain the IE process. Weak home institutions shape the international opportunity recognition decision but seriously impede international opportunity development and exploitation activities in the developed market. EM entrepreneurs benefit from highly functioning regulation in the developed market whilst also experiencing discriminatory treatment from institutions. The findings of the study further show the positive and constraining effects of host institutions throughout the process.Originality/valueBased on the findings, the paper details future research ideas, managerial implications and recommendation for policymakers.

Purpose-The management of reputation and status is central to creative professional service firms (CPSFs) rendering the internationalisation process a particular challenge. We build on arguments that internationalisation requires moving from outsidership to insidership within client networks and focus on how CPSFs build signals about quality to start this process. Design/methodology/approach-The exploration draws from the international business, professional services and organizational status bodies of literature. A multiple case study design is developed comprising ten Irish architecture firms. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted. Findings-The findings clarify how relationships start in the internationalisation process through signal building. This allows firms to join client networks moving from outsidership to insidership. Our findings systemise three different approaches for CPSFs: from outsidership to insidership within a local market network, within a global industry network and within a global project network. Research Limitations/Implications-Research within other sectoral and geographical contexts could support transferability of the findings. Practical implications-The study has implications for CPSF's international business strategies as it identifies multiple paths to gaining network insidership and the tactics employed to achieve this. Originality/Value-We believe that incorporating signal building mechanisms into the internationalisation process is a novel approach to theorizing about how CPSFs move from outsidership to insidership. We offer important theoretical insights into the international business, professional service firm and organizational status literatures. CPSF business leaders should benefit as it helps them to focus on a portfolio of signal building approaches that can start the internationalisation process.

Later versionThe leading frameworks of internationalization have contributed significantly to our knowledge of how firms internationalize, but do not fully explain how firms actually create and capture value from customers when internationalizing their activities. Understanding the value creation and capture activities defining their business model(s) is critical for firms moving into less familiar markets, and is particularly relevant for service firms where variability is an inherent feature of the firm/client experience. To address this gap, we take a business model perspective to analyse 144 internationalization events of ten professional service firms. We find that such firms adopted four different business models when internationalizing, and that a single firm may utilise a portfolio of business models. Our findings contribute to both the services internationalization and business model literatures by showing how variability in the internationalization process substantiates the need for business model portfolios.1

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La distribution des établissements canadiens-français dans l'Ouest américain au XIXe siècle n'avait aucune relation avec la distribution des postes de traite de fourrures du siècle précédent. Les Canadiens français du XIXe siècle furent attirés par les opportunités d'emploi le long des frontières agricole, minière et forestière. Détroit, Chicago et Minneapolis-St-Paul ont vu naître des paroisses canadiennes-françaises qui entretenaient des liens avec les communautés rurales. Le maintien de la langue française, l'héritage culturel et l'affiliation à l'église catholique variaient à travers la région. L'américanisation des Canadiens français fut directement reliée à leur réussite économique. Une identité canadienne-française a été maintenue dans les régions rurales les plus pauvres et marginales du nord des états du Michigan, du Winsconsin et du Minnesota.The pattern of nineteenth-century French-Canadian settlements in the American Midwest bore no relation to the pattern of fur-trading posts of the eighteenth century. French-Canadians of the nine-teenth century were attracted by employment opportunities along the farming, lumbering, and mining frontiers. Detroit, Chicago, and Minneapolis-St. Paul developed French-Canadian parishes which maintained links with rural communities. Survival of the French language, cultural heritage, and affiliation with the Catholic Church varied throughout the region. Americanization of French-Canadians went hand in hand with their commercial success. A French-Canadian identity survived in the poorest, marginal, rural areas of northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota