For the past several years, a novel dwarf disease has been observed on rice (Oryza sativa) in some regions of Guangdong Province and Hainan Province, southern China. Infected plants showed stunting, dark leaf and small enations on stem and leaf back. Typical Fijivirus viroplasma containing crystalline arrayed spherical virons approximately 70-75 nm in diameter and tubular structures were detected in ultrathin sections by an electron microscope in parenchyma phloem cells of the infected plants. The virus was transmitted to rice seedlings by white-backed planthoppers, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae), collected in the diseased fields. Analysis of dsRNA extracts from infected plants revealed ten linear segments, which were similar to the electrophoretic profile of Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV). RT-PCR with a single primer which matched to a linker sequence ligated to both 3′ ends of the viral genomic dsRNAs resulted in amplification of genome segments 9 (S9) and 10 (S10) cDNA products. The complete nucleotide sequences of S9 and S10 were obtained from clones of the RT-PCR amplicon exhibited characteristic properties of Fijivirus including low GC content (34.5% and 35.6%), genus conserved 5′ and 3′ termini sequences and similar genome organization. Blast searches indicated that the sequences of S9 and S10 shared 68.8%-74.9% and 67.1%-77.4% nucleotide identities with those of viruses in the Fijivirus group 2, respectively. These values were similar to those among other viruses in the Fijivirus group 2 and considerably lower than those among RBSDV isolates. Phylogenetic trees based on S9 and S10 nucleotide sequences and their putative amino acid sequences showed that this virus represented a separate branch among other Fijiviruses. The virus was also detected by a nested RT-PCR assay in corn (Zea mays), barnyard grass (Echinochloa crusgalli), Juncellus serotinus and flaccidgrass (Pennisetum flaccidum) in and/or adjacent to the infected rice fields. It is proposed that this virus be considered as a new species, Southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, in the group 2 of the genus Fijivirus in the family Reoviridae.southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus, rice, Fijivirus, Reoviridae, genome sequence Rice black-streaked virus (RBSDV) is a species of the genus Fijivirus in the family Reoviridae [1] . It has icosahedric particles approximately 70-75 nm in diameter that contain 10 genome segments of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA), designated as S1-S10 in increasing order of electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels. Small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus, is its main natural vector, and Unkanodes sapporonus and Chilodephax albifacia can also transmit the virus with a relative low efficiency [2][3][4] . In the genus Fijivirus, 8 species, Fiji disease virus (FDV), Oat sterile dwarf virus (OSDV), Garlic dwarf virus (GDV), Nilaparvata lugens reovirus (NLRV), Mal de Río Cuarto virus (MRCV), Pangola stunt virus (PaSV), Maize rough dwarf virus (MRDV) and RBSDV were recognized [1] . Among them,