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SUMMARYPower-aware scheduling of periodic tasks in real-time systems has been extensively studied to save energy while still meeting the performance requirement. Many previous studies use the probability information of tasks' execution cycles to assist the scheduling. However, most of these approaches adopt heuristic algorithms to cope with realistic CPU models with discrete frequencies and cannot achieve the globally optimal solution. Sometimes they even show worse results than non-stochastic DVS schemes. This paper presents an optimal DVS scheme for framebased real-time systems under realistic power models in which the processor provides only a limited number of speeds and no assumption is made on power/frequency relation. A suboptimal DVS scheme is also presented in this paper to work out a solution near enough to the optimal one with only polynomial time expense. Experiment results show that the proposed algorithm can save at most 40% more energy compared with previous ones.

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In 2021, public blockchains have made remarkable progress with the support of investors and developers, ushering in the era of the multi-chain world, which represents a paradigm shift that is unlikely to be reversed. Cross-chain protocols have become an essential infrastructure in this new world, referring to a standardized set of rules and processes that enable the secure transfer of assets or information between different blockchain networks. To help researchers and industry practitioners better understand the concepts, advantages, and limitations of cross-chain technologies, this paper presents a comprehensive guide to cross-chain protocols. We cover a range of topics, including message transmission protocols, leading cross-chain bridges, and other cross-chain applications. Additionally, we discuss potential risks and challenges associated with cross-chain protocols and explore the future of cross-chain protocol development. Our work is intended to offer valuable insights and references for anyone looking to delve deeper into cross-chain protocols, whether they are academic researchers or industry professionals.