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IntroductionTuberculosis is one of India's major public health problems. According to WHO estimates, India has the world's largest tuberculosis epidemic. Many research studies have shown the effects and concerns revolving around TDR-TB especially in India, where social and economic positions are still in progression.Materials and methodsSeventeen questionnaires were administered to the consented participants regarding the demographic data and awareness, also Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was recorded to analyse the level of depression. The average age was 32.3 years (STD = 12.7), and the age range was from 13 years to 71 years. The data collected was analysed with SPSS 19.ResultsThe patients who were in the intensive phase had a considerably higher depression rate (42%) than the patients who were in the continuous phase (22%). However, the variations were not enough for the statistical significance. The patients with TB only (35%) showed a higher depression rate than the patients with TB/HIV (28%).ConclusionAccording to this study, it can be found that the prevalence of depression was lower for patients who were old, female, college educated, married, and earned the highest, compared with their counterparts. Most of these findings might agree with a general perception that social and financial stabilities would provide a less likelihood of being depressed.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

COVID-19 research has relied heavily on convenience-based samples, which—though often necessary—are susceptible to important sampling biases. We begin with a theoretical overview and introduction to the dynamics that underlie sampling bias. We then empirically examine sampling bias in online COVID-19 surveys and evaluate the degree to which common statistical adjustments for demographic covariates successfully attenuate such bias. This registered study analysed responses to identical questions from three convenience and three largely representative samples (total N = 13,731) collected online in Canada within the International COVID-19 Awareness and Responses Evaluation Study ( www.icarestudy.com ). We compared samples on 11 behavioural and psychological outcomes (e.g., adherence to COVID-19 prevention measures, vaccine intentions) across three time points and employed multiverse-style analyses to examine how 512 combinations of demographic covariates (e.g., sex, age, education, income, ethnicity) impacted sampling discrepancies on these outcomes. Significant discrepancies emerged between samples on 73% of outcomes. Participants in the convenience samples held more positive thoughts towards and engaged in more COVID-19 prevention behaviours. Covariates attenuated sampling differences in only 55% of cases and increased differences in 45%. No covariate performed reliably well. Our results suggest that online convenience samples may display more positive dispositions towards COVID-19 prevention behaviours being studied than would samples drawn using more representative means. Adjusting results for demographic covariates frequently increased rather than decreased bias, suggesting that researchers should be cautious when interpreting adjusted findings. Using multiverse-style analyses as extended sensitivity analyses is recommended. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10654-022-00932-y.

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Conclusion:The incidence of lung cancer was 126.9 cases per 10,000 person-years (2,732 cancers) in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease group, 156.6 (809 cancers) in the interstitial lung disease group, and 370.3 (967 cancers) in the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with interstitial lung disease group. Among various interstitial lung disease definitions, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis showed the highest lung cancer incidence. A total of 112 of the 879 patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis developed lung cancer, an incidence of 381 cases per 10,000 person-years. Interstitial lung diseases have high potential to develop into lung cancer even when combined with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.