This study uses scales of autonomy and psychological wellbeing to determine whether young people's gender and romantic relationship status give rise to differences in relation to a series of specific dimensions. To this end, we used Ryff's Model of Psychological Wellbeing, which comprises several dimensions: self-acceptance, positive relations with others, autonomy, environmental mastery, personal growth, and purpose in life; and our own Transition to Adulthood Autonomy Scale (EDATVA), whose dimensions are: selforganization, understanding context, critical thinking, and socio-political engagement. As a result, a quantitative study was performed with 1,148 young people aged 16-21 from Madrid, Spain and Bogotá, Colombia, of whom 60.2% were female and 39.8% were male. The findings show that in the gender variable there are differences between males and females in the dimensions of positive relations with others, personal growth (wellbeing questionnaire), and understanding context (autonomy questionnaire); the female sample obtained the highest scores. In the relationship variable, differences were found in environmental mastery and purpose in life; higher scores were obtained by young people in a romantic relationship. However, no differences were found in the different dimensions in the autonomy questionnaire between young people in a relationship and those not.
Young people transition to adulthood via diverse pathways; among the most significant are those dominated by education, employment, or social disadvantage. These pathways are determined, to a large extent, by the level of well-being and autonomy young people develop to help them face their own realities. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between young people's psychological well-being and autonomy-key factors in the transition to adulthood-and the relationship these factors have with the main pathways followed during transition. To this end, Ryff's Model of Psychological Well-being and the Transition to Adulthood Autonomy Scale (EDATVA) were used to evaluate a total of 1148 Spanish and Colombian subjects aged between 16 and 21. Correlations and differences between scores were subsequently analyzed. Subjects were also asked to identify the most relevant aspect of their transition to adulthood as either education, employment, or social disadvantage. Results from all three pathways for transition to adulthood show a trend in which higher levels of wellbeing correspond to higher levels of autonomy. In general, the results for the young people on the education pathway show high levels of autonomy and well-being, as well as a significantly higher level of critical thinking compared to young people on other pathways. The scores from employed young people reveal a greater capacity for selforganization in relation to the other two pathways. The results for disadvantaged young people show significantly greater socio-political engagement than that of young people on the education and employment pathways. However, the disadvantaged group also displays the lowest level of psychological well-being. These results provide elements for a better understanding of young people's different transition pathways to adulthood and constitute an important point of reference for future research. They also provide data that may be relevant in guiding potential educational, psychological, and social interventions within this population group.
La repetición de algún curso académico es una de las grandes preocupaciones del sistema educativo español, porque su tasa duplica el promedio de los países de la OCDE y la Unión Europea, lo que resulta muy costoso, y porque es una medida de calidad controvertida, ya que, lejos de lograr la nivelación pretendida, incluso aparece asociada en la investigación con el fracaso escolar. En este trabajo se pretende estudiar empíricamente el fenómeno, identificando las variables que determinan el perfil del estudiante repetidor y no repetidor y aquellos predictores que más inciden en la probabilidad de repetir. Para ello, se ha partido del cuestionario de contexto del estudiante proporcionado por el informe de PISA 2015 de la OCDE para España, que ofrece información sobre variables vinculadas con los antecedentes del estudiante, procesos y medidas no cognitivas, y que permite identificar claramente al estudiante que ha repetido algún curso en primaria y/o secundaria y al que no. Los datos se han analizado con la técnica de árboles de decisión y mediante regresión logística binaria. Los resultados muestran que las variables que mejor discriminan entre los perfiles del estudiante repetidor y del no repetidor son las aspiraciones educativas y el haber cursado una materia de ciencias el curso anterior. La principal conclusión del estudio es que la probabilidad de repetir se asocia más con variables de procesos (tiempo de aprendizaje y currículum), que, con variables vinculadas a los antecedentes del estudiante, en contra de lo que se ha venido perpetuando a través de la literatura. Esto supone un distanciamiento de las variables que tradicionalmente se han relacionado con la repetición y la aportación de evidencia empírica favorable a la apertura de una nueva perspectiva educativa, basada en el abordaje de la repetición de curso desde un enfoque menos socioeconómico y más pedagógico
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