Two-dimensional angle-resolved light scattering maps of individual rod-shaped bacteria are measured at the single-cell level. Using quantitative phase imaging and Fourier transform light scattering techniques, the light scattering patterns of individual bacteria in four rod-shaped species (Bacillus subtilis, Lactobacillus casei, Synechococcus elongatus, and Escherichia coli) are measured with unprecedented sensitivity in a broad angular range from −70° to 70°. The measured light scattering patterns are analyzed along the two principal axes of rod-shaped bacteria in order to systematically investigate the species-specific characteristics of anisotropic light scattering. In addition, the cellular dry mass of individual bacteria is calculated and used to demonstrate that the cell-to-cell variations in light scattering within bacterial species is related to the cellular dry mass and growth.

The so‐called Z‐scheme is a means of utilizing photo‐induced electrons from a photosystem and has consistently motivated the design of synthetic photocatalytic systems. Although progress has been made in many pioneering studies on an inorganic‐based Z‐scheme, there have been no reports of a hybrid Z‐scheme for an inorganic and a photosystem. Here, a hybrid Z‐scheme is demonstrated by integrating a platinized photosystem I (PSI) and BiVO4 for hydrogen production. Up to now, PSI‐driven systems have been limited to a one‐step photoreduction reaction using sacrificial reductants. In this hybrid Z‐scheme, step‐wise charge separation in PSI and BiVO4 enables the production of hydrogen from only water under visible light. PSI and BiVO4 are conjugated via metal mediators to form an all‐linked structure. The novel design exhibits potential for the development of a protein hybrid system for electrochemical devices, sensors, and a solar energy conversion system.

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