We present a quantitative genetic (QG) interpretation of the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller (BDM) genetic model of speciation in order to unify the theoretical framework for understanding how the genetic differentiation of populations is associated with the process of speciation. Specifically, we compare the QG theory of joint scaling with the Turelli-Orr mathematical formulation of the BDM model. By formally linking the two models, we show that a wealth of empirical methods from QG can be brought to bear on the study of the genetic architecture of hybrid phenotypes to better understand the connections, if any, between microevolution within populations and macroevolution in the origin of species. By integrating the two theories, we make additional novel predictions that enrich the opportunities for empirically testing speciation genetic theory or facets of it, such as Haldane's rule. We show that the connection between the two theories is simple and straightforward for autosomal genes but not for sex-linked genes. Differences between the two approaches highlight key conceptual issues concerning the relevance of epistasis to evolution within and among lineages and to differences in the process of speciation in hermaphrodites and in organisms with separate sexes.

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Metamodels are commonly used in Model-Driven Engineering to define available model elements and structures. However, metamodels are likely to change during development for various reasons like requirement changes or evolving domain knowledge. Updating a metamodel typically leads to non-conformance issues with existing models. Hence, evolution strategies must be developed. Additionally, the tool implementation must also be updated to support the evolved metamodel. We propose the use of metamodel-independent tools with unified modeling concepts for working with all kinds of metamodels and models. By applying the ConstraintDriven Modeling approach and generating model constraints from metamodels automatically, we solve the described issues and enable dynamic, evolving metamodels. A prototype implementation has shown the feasibility of the approach and performance tests suggest that it also scales with increasing model sizes. I. INTRODUCTIONMetamodels, such as UML [1] for general purpose software projects, are required to describe the elements that are available for building models (e.g., Class, Reference) and also to define relationships between those elements (e.g., classes may have an arbitrary number of references). Evolution of such metamodels, especially in terms of domainspecific languages, is often inevitable; for example because of changing stakeholder requirements or developments in domain knowledge that must be reflected in the metamodel. However, such evolutions can cause issues regarding the use of existing models (i.e., they are no longer supported). We propose the use of a simple modeling concept for both metamodels and corresponding models in combination with the Constraint-Driven Modeling (CDM) approach [2] that encourages the use of constraints for providing user guidance and achieving consistent models. This allows the development of metamodel-independent tools which support different versions of metamodels and models. We implemented a prototype to assess the feasability of our approach. We used two different domains to show its applicability and ran performance tests that showed the high efficiency with large models and metamodels.

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