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Summary paragraphMicroplastics are particles smaller than five millimetres obtained from the degradation of plastic objects abandoned in the environment. Microplastics can move from the environment to living organisms and, in fact, they have been found in fishes and mammals.Six human placentas, prospectively collected from consenting women with uneventful pregnancies, were analyzed by Raman Microspectroscopy to evaluate the presence of microparticles. Detected microparticles were characterized in terms of morphology and chemical composition.12 microparticles, ranging from 5 to 10 μm in size, were found in 4 out of 6 placentas: 5 in the foetal side, 4 in the maternal side and 3 in the chorioamniotic membranes. All the analyzed microparticles were pigmented: three of them were identified as stained polypropylene, while for the other nine it was possible to identify only the pigments, which are all used for man-made coatings, paints and dyes.Here we show, for the first time, the presence of microparticles and microplastics in human placenta. This sheds new light on the impact of plastic on human health. Microparticles and microplastics in the placenta, together with the endocrine disruptors transported by them, could have long-term effects on human health.

Objective. Dystocia in labour is the most common indication for primary caesarean sections. We have investigated how Italian midwives are informed and aware of the diagnosis of dystocia in labour, which strategies they implement and how their culture can affect clinical decisions. Methods. Purpose-built questionnaire using convenience sampling on a voluntary basis. The research was carried out on a population of Italian midwives. The questionnaire was divided into three macro-areas: socio-demographic information; a clinical case with decision questions; operators' knowledge and clinical choices. Results. 300 questionnaires were collected, and 289 were analysed. 60% of midwives would have not diagnosed active labour before 6 cm of dilation and would have adopted conservative management. 81% would adopt methods such as change of maternal posture, movement, and emotional support to solve dystocia rather than oxytocin and artificial rupture of membranes. 76% is aware that there is no single definition of dystocia, 80% do not know the definition of latent phase. The discussion on dystocia is rarely addressed in a context such as an audit. Conclusions. Culture considered as experience, knowledge, and work context, could affect clinical practice. Most midwives showed interest in the subject by tackling it with a view that was mainly physiological. The need for training and structured discussion meetings is, in any case, important.

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Synopsis Ultrasonography is very useful for the diagnosis of umbilical cord entanglements and for counseling with parents.