Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between the length of the infundibulum and ostium height with the anatomic variations of osteomeatal complex (OMC) and sinus pathology using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: CBCT images of 204 patients (408 maxillary sinuses) were evaluated retrospectively. The height of the ostium and the length of the infundibulum were measured. The presence of maxillary sinus pathology, nasal septal deviation, Haller cells, concha bullosa, and sinus septa were analyzed. The correlation between the size of the maxillary sinus drainage system and anatomic variations was compared using the t test, Fisher’s exact test, and χ² test. The effect of tooth loss on the length of the infundibulum and ostium height was also analyzed using ANOVA. Results: The height of the ostium and the maximal septal deviation angle were found to be significantly greater in males (p < 0.05). As ostium height increased, the presence of maxillary sinus septa increased (p < 0.05). No statistically significant association was detected between other variations and the length of infundibulum or ostium height. The relationship between tooth loss and both the length of the infundibulum and ostium height were found to be insignificant (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Radiographic examination, especially on CBCT images, is important for an evaluation of maxillary sinuses. here, we demonstrated a significant relationship between ostium height and the presence of maxillary sinus septa. However, it was found that nasal septal deviation, concha bullosa, Haller cells, and other sinusopathies did not have a major effect on the size of the maxillary sinus drainage system.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of subgroups in a clinical setting of the patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) using 'Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (DC/TMD)'. MATERIALS AND METHOD: A total of 128 patients with TMD (92 females and 36 males, mean age 33.5 ± 8.28) were involved in the study. DC/TMD Axis I diagnosis criteria was used for the clinical examination of pain disorders and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. Also, in DC/ TMD Axis I, The TMD Pain Screener, focusing on pain within the last 30 days, was used. In DC/TMD Axis II evaluation, the Jaw Functional Limitation Scale-8 (JFLS-8) was preferred to detect symptom severity and functional limitations. The data analysis was conducted by using the Chi-square, Kruskal Wallis test, and the Bonferroni correction for the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: Out of 128 patients, 120 patients (93.75%) had TMJ disorders that were accompanied by muscle pain disorders. The effect of gender and age on TMJ/muscle pain disorders was not significant (TMJ disorders; p=0.123, p=0.263; Muscle pain disorders; p=0.145, p=0.100, respectively). According to JFLS-8, the limitation in mastication (item 1 and 2) and joint mobility (item 4) were major complaints in the group of patients with 'disc displacement without reduction with limited opening' compared to the other TMJ disorders (p=0.001, p=0.004, p=0.007, p<0.008). CONCLUSION: DC/TMD Axis I is a significant reference to clinicians in the diagnosis and evaluation of TMD. In DC/ TMD Axis II, JFLS-8 is an efficient instrument for the measurement of functional limitation associated with temporomandibular disorders.

Dentigerous cyst is the most common odontogenic cyst of the jaws after radicular cyst and is usually observed as unilateral involvement. The multiple involvement of this cyst is rather rare if not accompanied of an underlying systemic disease or syndrome. In this report, radiographic findings and surgical treatment of a patient with non-syndromic multiple dentigerous cyst, who applied to the clinic for prosthetic treatment were presented. Panoramic radiograph revealed radiolucencies associated with the crowns of bilateral mandibular third molar teeth, right maxillary third molar, bilateral maxillary canines. In cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), it was revealed as well-defined unilocular radiolucent areas surrounded by sclerotic border and related to the crown of the unerupted teeth. In intermittent sessions, multiple dentigerous cysts were enucleated and the associated impacted teeth were extracted under local anesthesia. According to the comprehensive research, this is the first case-report presenting the surgical treatment and revealing the radiographic findings in elderly non-syndromic patient with multiple dentigerous cyst in maxilla and mandible.

OBJECTIVE:The study aims to evaluate the presence of temporomandibular disorders (TMD) and their severity in asymptomatic and healthy individuals using the Fonseca anamnestic index. MATERIALSAND METHOD: A total of 135 individuals (80 females and 55 males, mean age 34.4±10.9) were involved in the study. The Fonseca anamnestic index was administered to the individuals. The data analysis was conducted by using Pearson's chi-squared test, Fisher's exact test, one-way ANOVA, and Spearman's correlation. RESULTS: TMD was detected in 63% of the individuals. Most of them (40%) had mild TMD. The difference between gender and TMD severity was statistically significant (p=0.001). Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pain showed a statistically significant positive correlation with headache and emotional stress (r=0.312, p˂0.001; r=0.299, p˂0.001, respectively). TMJ pain showed the strongest positive correlation with clicking (r=0.443, p˂0.001). Bruxism showed positive correlations with the TMJ pain and clicking (r=0.197, p=0.022 and r= 0.221, p=0.010, respectively). CONCLUSION:The Fonseca anamnestic index is a reliable diagnostic tool that can be used to detect TMD-related symptoms and severity even in asymptomatic and healthy participants, providing rapid results in clinical practice.

Autophagy is the basic physiological process responsible for the degradation of damaged organelles, toxic protein aggregates, intracellular bacterial or viral pathogens [1-3]. In all eukaryotic cells with autophagy, nutrients are recycled by providing alternative energy for cell metabolism under conditions such as starvation, heat, infl ammation, hypoxia and oxidative stress [4]. Today, three different types of autophagy pathways have been defi ned as micro-autophagy, macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy [5,6] (Figure 1). Proteins to be degraded by Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy (CMA) contain a unique motif that is biochemically associated with the KFERQ (Figure 1) [6,7]. When the protein is not correctly folded or damaged, this motif is revealed. It is recognized by a molecular chaperone called Hsc70 (Heat shock cognate protein 70). Hsc70 binds to this unique motif and directs the protein to the lysosomal surface by forming the substrate-Hsc70 complex. The lysosomal surface has a protein called Lysosomal Membrane Protein 2A (LAMP-2A). This protein acts as a receptor for the substrate-Hsc70 complex [8]. LAMP-2A creates structural changes to form a hollow, cylindrical transport structure called the CMA translocation complex. The unfolded substrate passes through this translocation complex and enters the lysosomal lumen. After the substrate enters the lysosomal lumen, the CMA translocation complex is immediately disintegrated by Hsc70 and other proteins in the lysosomal membrane. The substrate is degraded by proteases in the lumen and amino acids are released into the cytosol [6,9] (Figure 1). In micro-autophagy; the cytosolic components pass directly into the lysosome by fusing with the lysosome membrane [6,9,10] (Figure 1). Macro-autophagy; hereafter referred to as autophagy, is one of the most studied and therefore the most known molecular details of autophagy. In this autophagy; formation of the phagophore (isolation membrane surrounding the cytoplasmic components), autophagosome (double-membrane vacuole formed by phagophore elongation) and autolysosome (autophagosome and lysosome fusion for degradation of cytosolic components) are important [11,12] (Figure 2).