Background: Fertility status is the possibility to produce offspring through reproduction following the onset of reproductive age. There are a number of environmental and biological factors that influence a person's reproductive behavior when viewed from a demographic perspective, which serve to mediate the impact of culture, society, economic conditions, living standards, and other similar background factors. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with fertility status among the reproductive age group. Methods: The data for this study was extracted from Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019. The study involved 8885 household with reproductive age group in a weighted sample. The analysis was performed using STATA version 16 software. Using sampling weights for descriptive statistics and complex sample designs for inferential statistics, backward stepwise elimination was manually applied. Finally, statistical significance declared at the level of p-value < 0.05. Result: The prevalence of fertility status in Ethiopia was observed to be 44.7%. In multivariate analysis the household female (AOR = 0.465, 95% CI: 0.418-0.517) had lower odds of fertility status in comparison to household male. The odds of fertility status were higher among the catholic religion as compared to the orthodox religion, (AOR = 1.615, 95% CI: 1.408-1.853). The odds of fertility status were lower in the Addis Ababa region in comparison to the Tigray region (AOR = 0.636, 95% CI: 0.495-0.818). Fertility status odds were lower among those who could read only parts of the sentence literacy in comparison to those who were unable to read at all (AOR = 0.736, 95% CI: 0.623-0.869). The odds of fertility status were lower among primary educational levels as compared to no educational levels (AOR = 0.721, 95% CI: 0.632-0.823). Regarding the household wealth index, the richest-wealth index (AOR = 0.832, 95% CI: 0.689-1.004) had lower odds of fertility status when compared with children from the poorest-wealth index. There was a lower odds of fertility status for electricity users compared with wood charcoal users using electricity as a cooking fuel (AOR = 0.825, 95% CI: 0.681-0.999). The odds of fertility status were higher among those with no toilet facility than those with pit latrines (AOR = 1.145, 95% CI: 1.009-1.298). Conclusion: The high fertility status and population growth observed in this study. It shows significantly associated with household sex, region, literacy, educational level, religion, wealth index, cooking fuel, and toilet facility had a statistically significant association with fertility status. There are many factors contributing to economic development, including access to education and media, as well as job opportunities in modern economic sectors. In addition to this, it is important to develop and maintain access of family planning services.

Background: Vaccination is also the prevention strategy for common childhood illnesses. Globally vaccines prevent millions of outbreaks of diseases and save thousands of lives each year, but vaccine-preventable diseases remain a threat. Child vaccination coverage is higher in Eastern and Southern Africa than in West and Central Africa. Nevertheless, more refined data reveal that the levels of inequality between and within countries are substantial. This study aimed to measure vaccination coverage and associated factors among under-five children in Ethiopia. Methods: This study's data was extracted from the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey. A weighted sample of 935 under-fives aged 12-23 months participated in the study. The STATA version 16 software was used to conduct the analysis. Backward stepwise elimination was manually applied using complex sample designs for inferential statistics and sampling weights for descriptive statistics. At the level of p-value 0.05, statistical significance was finally declared. Results: The overall vaccination coverage in this study was 55.0%. In multivariate analysis the age of household head, (AOR = 0.617, 95% CI: 0.400- 0.954) had lower among the 41-50 age household head as compared to the 18-30 age household head. The odds of vaccination coverage were lower in the Oromia region compared with the Tigray region (AOR = 0.256, 95% CI: 0.134-0.488). Vaccination coverage odds were lower in rural places of residence in comparison with the urban places of residence (AOR = 0.495, 95% CI: 0.315-0.779). Regarding the household wealth index, the richer wealth index (AOR = 1.791, 95% CI: 1.101-2.915) had higher odds of vaccination coverage when compared with children from the poorest wealth index. Higher odds of vaccination coverage were found for mothers who gave birth in a health facility as compared to mothers who gave birth at home (AOR = 1.437, 95% CI: 1.083-1.907). When compared to children who did not receive postnatal care, those who did have higher odds of having received all recommended vaccinations (AOR = 2.377, 95% CI: 1.564-3.612). Conclusion: Vaccination coverage in Ethiopia was significantly lower than the worldwide target. It shows the region, household age, place of residence, wealth index, place of delivery, and postnatal care had a statistically significant association with vaccination coverage. These findings suggest that mobile and outreach vaccination services are needed for hard-to-reach rural areas, especially pastoral and semi-pastoral areas. Furthermore, additional research may be necessary to obtain more representative regional data.

Background: Early childhood mortality is a major problem in terms of demographics, health, and development and factors that determine the size and growth rate of a population, as well as its ages and genders, along with its spatial distribution. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated with Early childhood mortality among children aged 0–59 months. Methods: The data for this study was extracted from Ethiopia mini demographic and health survey 2019. The study involved 5414 women with children aged 0–59 months in a weighted sample. The analysis was performed using STATA version 16 software. Using sampling weights for descriptive statistics and complex sample designs for inferential statistics, backward stepwise elimination was manually applied. Finally, statistical significance declared at the level of p-value < 0.05. Result: The prevalence of early childhood mortality in Ethiopia was observed to be 5.8%. In multivariate analysis the household wealth index, children from the poorest-wealth index (AOR = 1.211, 95% CI: 0.716-2.047) had higher odds of early childhood mortality in comparison to children from the richer wealth index. The odds of early childhood mortality were thirteen times higher among children born with twins’ birth as compared to single birth, (AOR = 13.615, 95% CI: 6.399-28.965). The odds of early childhood mortality were lower among children delivered in a health facility as compared to home delivery (AOR = 0.936, 95% CI: 0.893-0.982). The odds of early childhood mortality were lower among tube well sources of drinking water as compared to piped sources of drinking water (AOR = 0.7128, 95% CI: 0.322-1.599). The odds of early childhood mortality were higher among pit latrine-type toilet facilities as compared to flush-type toilet facilities (AOR = 2.056, 95% CI: 1.319-3.207). Conclusion: The prevalence of early childhood mortality in Ethiopia shows high risk and it is significantly associated with household wealth index, type of birth, place of delivery, sources of drinking water, and types of toilet facilities. Increasing the coverage and access to early childhood education, governmental and non-governmental organizations and all concerned stakeholders should be prioritized as the major determinants of early childhood mortality.