Field experiments were carried out in 2016 and 2017 cropping seasons under on-farm conditions in Lemuna Bilbilo District, Southeastern Ethiopia to evaluate the effects of three varieties Degaga, Gora, Moti, and six plant populations (10, 25 (control), 30,50, 70, and 90 plants m-2) on faba bean specific yield and yield components. The experiments were laid out in a randomized complete block design in split plot arrangement in which varieties were assigned to main plots and plant populations to subplots with three replications. The year combined analysis of data revealed that seed yield, total biomass yield and test weight of seed were significantly (p<0.05) affected by varieties and plant population densities m-2. The highest seed yield (4649, 4594 and 4162 kg ha-1) was obtained at 90,70 and 50 plant m-2 for Degaga, Moti and Gora varieties respectively but, no significant difference between control for Degaga and Moti varieties. The highest total biomass of 9 t ha-1 was recorded from the highest 90 plant population m-2 though not significantly different to the total biomass obtained from 70, 50 and 25 (control) plants m-2. Gora variety significantly recorded the highest test weight of seed (889.2g) than the rest Degaga and Moti varieties. In short, founded on studied agronomic parameters of faba bean, 25 plant population density m-2 was economically recommended for Degaga and Moti varieties whereas, 50 plant population density m-2 was for Gora variety.

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Field experiments were conducted in 2017/18 cropping season at Kulumsa Research Center Farm (OnS) and on farmer's (OnF) field to assess the effect of N fertilizer rates on grain quality and NUE of bread wheat (Lemu and Wane) varieties. Factorial combinations of Lemu and Wane varieties and five N rates (0, 46, 92,138 and 184 kg N ha -1 ) were laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that Lemu variety had higher values of hectoliter weight and grain protein content (GPC) at both sites, while Wane variety exhibited greater values for dry and wet gluten content. Average GPC was 11% at OnF, while it was 14% at OnS. Grain and straw N uptake increased with increasing N rates, although increments were inconsistent. The NHI was highest when N was applied at 46 and 92 kg N ha -1 at OnF and OnS, respectively. The GPC was improved by 12 and 15.1% when 138 and 184 kg N ha -1 applied at OnF and OnS, respectively. The highest wheat agronomic and physiological efficiencies were recorded when 46 kg N ha -1 was applied in both sites. In nutshell, we recommend 46-92 kg N ha -1 for bread wheat production based on better grain quality, NUE and NHI in the highlands of Arsi, southeastern Ethiopia.

A field experiment was conducted at Lemu-bilbilo wereda, Arsi Zone, Ethiopia, from June to December 2017/18 cropping season, with the aim of evaluating the optimal level of fertilizers for maximal production of food barley varieties on two farmer's site. Four levels fertilizer (RNP (100 kg/ha urea + 150 kg/ha DAP) (73N, 69 P 2 O 5 ), 150%RNP, 200%RNP and RNPS (100 kg/ha) (19 N 38 P 2 O 5 + 7S) and three food barley varieties (HB42, HB1307 and EH1493) were tested in Randomized complete Block Design replicate three times. The main effects of fertilizer rate on spike length, grain per spike and biomass yield showed significant (P < 0.05) variation. The use of 200%RNP resulted in highest (8.6 cm) spike length, (49.8) grain per spike and (7149.2 kg ha -1 ) biomass yield. The interaction effect of fertilizer level and food barley varieties showed significant (P < 0.01) variation on grain yield, hectolitre weight and thousand kernel weight. The highest (3345.8 kg ha -1 ) grain yield was obtained from the combination of HB1307 food barley variety with 200%RNP fertilizer level, followed (2964.5 kg ha -1 ) grain yield was recorded fromHB1307 variety at fertilization of 150%RNP, while the lowest (1860 kg ha -1 ) grain yield was recorded from HB42 variety at a RNP fertilizer level. Likewise the highest (60.5 gm) thousand kernel weight and (71.6 kg hL -1 ) hectolitre weight was recorded from HB42 food barley variety fertilized with RNP and from variety EH1493 with 200%RNP fertilizer respectively. Therefor the most cost-effective variety and fertilizer level for farmers with low cost of production and higher benefits were identified to be the variety HB1307 at the fertilizer level of 150%RNP as first option for the study area and similar agro ecological conditions.

A field experiment was conducted at Arsi Zone, Oromia regional stat during the main cropping season (June- December) 2017/18, with the objective of evaluating the response of different fertilizer level on faba bean (Vicia faba L.) varieties by identifying the most cost effective variety and fertilizer level. Three fertilizer levels (RNP, 150% RNP and RNPS) and three faba bean varieties (Degaga, Gora and Moti) were tested in a randomized complete block design with three replicated. The mean value of fertilizer levels showed that significant difference (P<0.05) was observed on plant height, number pods per plant and biomass yield, while number of seeds per pod, biomass yield and harvest index was not significantly affected (p>0.05) by fertilizer level. The use of 150% RNP fertilizer level resulted relatively higher plant height (154.1 cm), number of pods per plant (23.2) and biomass yield (14718 kg ha-1). Higher number of seeds per plant (3.07), harvest index (52.55) and plant height (151.7cm) was recorded for Degaga variety. There was interaction (p<0.01) between fertilizer level and faba bean varieties on grain yield with a production of 4230 kg ha-1 under 150% RNP fertilizer levels and Degaga variety. The most benefits and cost effective outcome for farmers also obtained from this combination. There for a combination of 150% RNP fertilizer level with Degaga variety can be recommended at first option, while RNP and RNPS fertilizer level at a second and third option respectively for the production of faba bean in the study area and similar agro ecologies.