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Integration of non-wood forest products (NWFPs) into forest management planning has become an increasingly important issue in forestry over the last decade. Among NWFPs, mushrooms are valued due to their medicinal, commercial, high nutritional and recreational importance. Commercial mushroom harvesting also provides important income to local dwellers and contributes to the economic value of regional forests. Sustainable management of these products at the regional scale requires information on their locations in diverse forest settings and the ability to predict and map their spatial distributions over the landscape. This study focuses on modeling the spatial distribution of commercially harvested Lactarius deliciosus and L. salmonicolor mushrooms in the Kızılcasu Forest Planning Unit, Turkey. The best models were developed based on topographic, climatic and stand characteristics, separately through logistic regression analysis using SPSS™. The best topographic model provided better classification success (69.3 %) than the best climatic (65.4 %) and stand (65 %) models. However, the overall best model, with 73 % overall classification success, used a mix of several variables. The best models were integrated into an Arc/Info GIS program to create spatial distribution maps of L. deliciosus and L. salmonicolor in the planning area. Our approach may be useful to predict the occurrence and distribution of other NWFPs and provide a valuable tool for designing silvicultural prescriptions and preparing multiple-use forest management plans.

Sustainable management of forest resources requires smart integration of various forest values into forest management plans both to control forest ecosystems and to satisfy the needs and expectations of stakeholders. This research initiative aimed to integrate water, carbon and timber values into a forest management plan and explain their effects on forest dynamics. Alternative management strategies with a mix of management objectives maximizing the amount or NPV (Net Present Value) of timber, carbon and water production along with constraints such as area, volume control and ending inventory were developed. A linear programming model with a planning horizon of 100 years and periods of 10 years was developed. Model outputs as NPV and amounts of timber, water and carbon were used as performance indicators to discuss forest dynamics under various management strategies. The results showed that water NPV aimed strategies (*W) provided the minimum timber production and the maximum water production level. Besides, even though timber NPV aimed strategies (*T) generated maximum NPV of timber as expected, surprisingly maximum timber and carbon production were provided by carbon NPV aimed strategies (*C) due mainly to afforestation of large forest openings in the case study area. The results indicated that the performance of a management strategy depends highly on the contents of a strategy as well as the initial forest structure aside from the growth rate.Key words: linear programming, carbon sequestration, water production, forest management, net present value. ResumenIncorporación de la producción de agua y el secuestro de carbono en los planes de gestión forestal: estudio de caso en la unidad de planificación de Yalnızçcam La gestión sostenible de los recursos forestales requiere la integración de varios valores del bosque en los planes de gestion forestal tanto para controlar los ecosistemas forestales como para satisfacer las necesidades y expectativas de los grupos de interés. Este artículo pretende integrar los valores del agua, el carbono y de la madera en un plan de gestión forestal y explicar sus efectos en la dinámica forestal. Se han desarrollado estrategias de gestión alternativas con una mezcla de objetivos de gestión de maximizar la cantidad de NPV (Valor Actual Neto) de madera, carbono y producción de agua junto a limitaciones como la superficie, el control del volumen y la finalización del inventario. Se ha desarrollado un modelo de programación lineal con un horizonte de planificación de 100 años y períodos de 10 años. Las salidas del modelo tales como el NPV y las cantidades de la madera, el agua y el carbono se usaron como indicadores de comportamiento para analizar la dinámica forestal conforme a varias estrategias de gestión. Los resultados mostraron que las estraegias enfocadas al NPV del agua (*W) proporcionan la mínima producción de madera y el máximo nivel de producción de agua. Además, aunque la estrategia enfocada al NPV de la madera (*T) generan un máximo de NPV como se esperaba, sorp...

Forest management planning focusing on sustainable supply of forest-based services such as wood and Non-Wood Forest Products (NWFPs) is important for the sustainability of forest ecosystems over time. This study explores the development of a mushroom integrated decision support system (ETÇAPOptimization) for multiple use forest management planning and for the analysis of long-term effects of different forest management scenarios on the joint production of timber and mushroom. The Decision Support System (DSS) integrates both mushroom and timber production derived from the same forest ecosystem using empirical models for mushroom occurrence and yield as well as for tree growth. The DSS takes further into account the spatial distribution and productivity models of Lactarius deliciosus and Lactarius salmonicolor generated for the Kızılcasu Planning unit in Northwest Turkey. Six different forest management scenarios were considered, each with a different set of objectives, e.g., maximization of both the amount and the income from timber or mushroom production. Some scenarios include further timber even flow constraints (10% fluctuation). The Net Present Value (NPV) and the amount of timber and of mushroom production were used as performance indicators to discuss and elaborate on forest dynamics under different management scenarios. The results indicated that forest management planning strategies to address the maximization of NPV from mushroom production scenarios are characterized by substantial decreases in total income from the forest due mainly to the conservation of forest areas to favor mushroom production. On the other hand, the integration of regulatory constraints into forest management plans lead to a substantial decrease of both the economic profit and the amount of forest ecosystem services, e.g., timber and mushroom. The results showed that the NPV from mushroom production can be two to three times higher than the NPV from timber production based on carefully designed management objectives and constraints.

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