Background and Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is more common in developing countries, including Indonesia. Denpasar City contributes the most on the total number of TB patients in Bali Province. There is evidence on increased burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with TB comorbidity. This study aims to examine risk factors of TB among DM patients.Method: A case control study was conducted in Denpasar City. A total of 135 samples, 45 cases and 90 controls, were recruited to participate in the study. Cases were DM patients with TB comorbidity and were taken from patients register between 2013 to 2015. Controls were DM patients without TB comorbidity and were taken from Bali Province screening operational study. Data were collected using interviews, observations, measurements and document review. Data were analysed using bivariate analysis and multivariate with logistic regression model.Results: Demographic characteristics between cases and controls were comparable in sex and family income but not comparable in age groups, education, domicile, and employment. Risk factors of TB among DM patients were house density (AOR=36.11; 95%CI: 5.0-259.9), undernutrition (AOR=24.76; 95%CI: 3.7-162.3), inadequate glycemic control (AOR=12.64; 95%CI: 2.4-66.2), and being employed (AOR=10.55; 95%CI: 1.2-92.7). TB infection among DM patients was associated with aged<60 years (AOR=7.47; 95%CI: 1.2-44.3) and being male (AOR=5.42 ;95%CI: 1.2-24.0). TB co-infection among DM patients was also associated with low education level (AOR=6.96; 95%CI: 1.0-48.6), contact with TB patients (AOR=5.84; 95%CI: 0.7-46.6) and inadequate house ventilation (AOR=2.92; 95%CI: 0.6-13.1).Conclusion: Socio-demographic characteristics, physical environments of the house and clinical conditions are risk factors of TB among DM patiens.

Early exclusive breastfeeding has an important role in reducing the incidence of jaundice, where jaundice is a change in the skin or other organs due to a buildup of bilirubin levels in the blood and an increase in the level of bilirubin in the blood, which is called hyperbilirubinemia. This study aimed to determine the correlation between breastfeeding and the incidence of hyperbilirubinemia infant jaundice at RSIA Puri Bunda Denpasar. This study used a case-control method, comparing the case group with the control group and a retrospective approach. The number of samples was 86 patients' medical record files. The sampling was using purposive sampling through the observation sheet and data analysis using the Chi-Square test. This study showed that exclusive breastfeeding had less incidence of jaundice (16.7% in the case and control groups) while the incidence of jaundice was higher in breastfeeding and formula milk in both the case and control groups. The results of the chi-square statistical test obtained p-value = 0.023, meaning that there was a significant correlation between breastfeeding and the incidence of jaundice in hyperbilirubinemia infants. It is recommended that the hospital be able to educate and socialize early exclusive breastfeeding to patients.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death in the world especially in developing countries. Indonesia as an developing country with the second largest TB case in the world. The association of smoking and tuberculosis has been proven in numerous studies with different ethnic backgrounds. This literature review aims to discuss the relationship between smoking and TB infection. In this article the methodology used is the literature review with two databases are Pubmed and Google Scholar. In addition, study is uses a reference list in the literature with article selected from 2010 to 2020 with quantitative design. This article shows smoking and tuberculosis have a significant relationship. Some literatures show tuberculosis progression rate is proportional to the length of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked. Another fact that smoking increases the incidence of clinical tuberculosis is the cause of half the deaths occurring in one country, of which about a quarter of a tobacco smoker died at the age of 25-69 years. Smoking is one of the risk factors for TB that has implications for the increase in the number of TB cases, recurrence, impaired treatment and mortality in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. To take risk factors that potentially lead to infection and TB disease, such as tobacco smoking, which should be targeted by using appropriate interventions.

Background: Babies with low birth weight have a high risk of death and disability during their growth period. Nurses need to take a role in reducing the risks that may occur in babies with low birth weight. The baby's weight gain is one of the absolute requirements to pursue the appropriate growth stage. Kangaroo Mother Care method is one of the most commonly used intervention options today. However, the difference in the duration of Kangaroo Mother Care implementation is still a matter of debate for many parties. This study aims to analyze the difference in the effectiveness of Kangaroo Mother Care duration of 1 hour and 2 hours on increasing the weight of babies with low birth weight. Methods: This research is a quasi-experimental research using a pre-posttest design approach with control group design. Respondents in this study were babies with birth weight 1500-2500 grams in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in September-November 2020, totaling 30 respondents. Sample selection was done by purposive sampling. Results: This study showed a significant difference in weight gain in low birth weight infants after performing Kangaroo Mother Care with a duration of two hours compared to a duration of one hour. Conclusion: The Kangaroo Mother Care program with a duration of two hours is recommended to be applied to premature babies or low birth weight babies to optimize baby growth and development care.

Background and Purpose: Tuberculosis (TB) is more common in developing countries, including Indonesia. Denpasar City contributes the most on the total number of TB patients in Bali Province. There is evidence on increased burden of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients with TB comorbidity. This study aims to examine risk factors of TB among DM patients.Method: A case control study was conducted in Denpasar City. A total of 135 samples, 45 cases and 90 control, were recruited to participate in the study. Cases were DM patients with TB comorbidity and were taken from patients register between 2013 to 2015. Control were DM patients without TB comorbidity and were taken from Bali Province screening operational study. Data were collected using interviews, observations, measurements and document review. Data were analysed using bivariate analysis and multivariate with logistic regression model.Results: Demographic characteristics between cases and controls were comparable in sex and family income but not comparable in age groups, education, domicile, and employment. Risk factors of TB among DM patients were house density (AOR=36.11; 95%CI: 5.0-259.9), undernutrition (AOR=24.76; 95%CI: 3.7-162.3), inadequate glycemic control (AOR=12.64; 95%CI: 2.4-66.2), and being employed (AOR=10.55; 95%CI: 1.2-92.7). TB infection among DM patients were associated with aged<60 years (AOR=7.47; 95%CI: 1.2-44.3) and being male (AOR=5.42 ;95%CI: 1.2-24.0). TB Co-infection among DM patients were also associated with low education level (AOR=6.96; 95%CI: 1.0-48.6), contact with TB patients (AOR=5.84; 95%CI: 0.7-46.6) and inadequate house ventilation (AOR=2.92; 95%CI: 0.6-13.1).Conclusion: Socio-demographic characteristic, physical environments of the house and clinical conditions are risk factors of TB among DM patiens.