Highlights: Vitamin D supplementations in different doses yield different outcomes. Multi-day vitamin D administration of 1000-6000 IU in patients with COVID-19 has more positive impacts than a single high dose of vitamin D. Patient morbidity, length of hospitalization, and patient mortality improved with multi-day vitamin D administration.   Abstract: This meta-analysis aimed to determine whether there is any optimal dose of vitamin D for morbidity, length of hospitalization, and mortality in patients with COVID-19. We conducted a comprehensive search in three online databases for eligible studies until February 28, 2022. Odds ratio (OR) and standardized mean difference (SMD) were applied as summary statistics of primary outcomes. The study quality of the literatures collected was assesed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool version 2 (RoB 2). Eight randomized clinical trials (RCT) were included in the study. In our analysis, we found that there was no significant difference in morbidity when vitamin D was administered to COVID-19 patients [OR=0.50 (95% CI=0.13-1.96); SMD=-0.14 (95% CI=-0.55-0.28)]. Duration of hospitalization [SMD=-0.12 (95% CI=-0.39-0.15)] and mortality [OR 0.47 (95% CI=0.19-1.17)] of COVID-19 patients in five studies also showed no significant difference compared to patients who do not take vitamin D. However, when we analyzed two other studies, we found that in patients who did not take vitamin D, mortality was lower [SMD=0.43 (95% CI=0.29, 0.58)]. Compared to a single high dose of vitamin D, the multi-day vitamin D administration of 1000-6000 IU in patients with COVID-19 resulted in improved patient morbidity, length of hospitalization, and patient mortality.

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can affect the peripheral and central nervous system. It can affect cognitive function, one of which can be seen from the decrease in the concentration ability. The concentration ability can be assessed by measuring the reaction time. Reaction time is the time interval between the onset of a stimulus and the initiations of a response. One of the important treatments for DM is physical exercises. Persadia gymnastic is one example of physical exercise that is specially designed for people with DM.Aim: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of acute Persadia gymnastic on the concentration ability of people with DM.Material and methods: This was an experimental study in type 2 DM patients. Fourteen subjects who met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and randomly grouped into the control (without performing Persadia gymnastic) and the intervention group (performing Persadia gymnastic). The subject’s reaction times were measured before and after the intervention. The mean results of the reaction time of all subjects were then compared between the control and the intervention groups using the Independent-T test and Mann-Whitney tests.Result: The analyzed data were only 7 subjects per group with a total of 14 subjects. The mean value of reaction time in the intervention group was decreased, both audio (-0.04 ± 0.85) and visual (-0.09 ± 0.56). However, there was no significant difference of the reaction time between control and intervention groups (p > 0.05).Conclusions: Many factors can affect reaction time and some still cannot be controlled in this study due to a lot of limitations. Further research is still needed to figure out the effect of persadia gymnastics on the ability to concentrate in people with Diabetes Mellitus.