The reliability of ®eld, greenhouse and cut-shoot screening procedures for the assessment of the susceptibility of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) genotypes to Melampsora pinitorqua, the causal agent of twisting rust, was evaluated. Fourteen genotypes evaluated on half-sib progenies after natural infection of 2-year-old plants showed comparable rank for rust susceptibility with those evaluated after controlled inoculation of 1-year-old seedlings in a greenhouse. The dynamic of pycnia production was assessed at 2-day intervals in cut-shoot assays under controlled conditions, giving reliable rankings of Scots pine genotypes between years and being signi®cantly correlated with rust susceptibility assessed after natural infection of 2-year-old progenies. These results underlined the importance of some critical factors such as inoculum load and host phenology in the reliability of susceptibility evaluations assessed under different experimental conditions. Arti®cial inoculation of 1-year-old seedlings in greenhouse experiments could provide a useful early test for the management of Scots pine breeding programmes and study of inheritance of twisting rust susceptibility. However, in speci®c investigations the cut-shoot assay would constitute a reliable laboratory test for studying host± pathogen interactions and the variability in pathogenicity of Melampsora pinitorqua populations.