: The present study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of ocular manifestation in HIV positive patients and to correlate ocular lesions with CD4 counts in HIV positive patients. The study was conducted as an observational study on seropositive HIV patients attending ART center and OPD department of ophthalmology during the study period of 2 years. Detailed sociodemographic and clinical history was obtained. Patients were subjected to thorough ophthalmologic evaluation and necessary investigations and findings were noted. Ocular manifestations could be observed in 36 (52.2%) cases. Among them, unilateral ocular manifestations were observed in 11 (15.9%) cases and bilateral involvement in 25 (36.2%) out of 69 patients. A wide spectrum of ocular manifestations were observed, most commonly of posterior segment. Ocular manifestations were not significantly associated with CD4 count (p>0.05) except CMV retinitis which was significantly associated with lower CD4 count (<150 in 14.3% cases). Papilledema was significantly associated with higher CD4 count (p<0.05).Ocular manifestations in HIV positive patients has a wide range of presentation. Every HIV patient must be educated about their ocular condition and should be advised to undergo regular ophthalmic examinations. Health care professionals also should be educated and trained in every aspect so as to pick up early cases of ophthalmic manifestations of HIV and should have coordination with ART center for easy assessment, detection and treating of vision-threatening ocular lesions at the earliest possible.

In vision 2020, amblyopia is a major preventable and treatable cause of low vision in paediatric age group. If not treated at appropriate time, paediatric amblyopia can result into monocular and binocular low vision with associated deterioration in Quality of Life indices in adulthood. This should be the hallmark of the blindness control programme in India. So this study was carried out to assess the magnitude of amblyopia and its associated risk factors in school going children and to correct the amblyopia by whatever treatment modality possible depending upon the type of amblyopia and to follow up the patient for any improvement in it. This was a prospective, observational study on 1200 school going children between 5-16 years of age. All the children were subjected to visual acuity examination. Those children with refractive error were further screened at Hospital. : Out of 1200 cases, 30 cases had amblyopia. Prevalence of amblyopia was 2.5%. Anisometropia was the most predominant risk factor associated with amblyopia (53.33%). Anisometropic amblyopia (53.33%) was most common. Amblyopia was more common in children with lower socio-economic background (40%). Maximum patients had unilateral (80%) and moderate amblyopia (46.7%). Association between duration of occlusion therapy and visual improvement in children with amblyopia was statistically insignificant (p=0.19). Amblyopia is one of the major hidden visual problem in the society which can be prevented by early identification and proper management in appropriate time. Early diagnosis and treatment can prevent and minimize risk of permanent deficit of vision in amblyopia if detected earlier especially before 10 years of age. Screening programs in school going children can detect amblyogenic factors earlier to prevent major permanent deficit in vision by amblyopia so screening of children should be done through school surveys, awareness should be spread through various campaigns among the teachers and parents of the children about amblyopia and its adverse consequences not only on visual impairment part but also functional, psychological, social, economic impact.

The study was conducted to assess the level of awareness and knowledge about retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) and its risk factors amongst medical professionals in Government Medical College. This study was conducted as a questionnaire based cross-sectional study amongst medical professionals working at tertiary care centreduring the study period of 1 year. The questionnaire administered and response sheets were collected prior to a talk on retinopathy of prematurity. Data was compiled using MsExcel whereas analysis was done by using IBM SPSS software version 20. Cutoff percentage for level of knowledge was kept as 80-100% as good knowledge, 60 to 79% as medium and 40 to 59% as low knowledge. ANOVA and t test was used and p value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The study included a total of 500 medical professionals. Mean knowledge score was significantly higher among residents i.e. 15.8±2.68 as compared to consultants, demonstrators and medical officers. Also, mean score were significantly higher among non-practicing participants (15±3.34) as compared to practicing participants (12.7±3.67) (p<0.01). In general, participants had a medium level of knowledge regarding retinopathy of prematurity. Most of the participants had a good knowledge of the term Retinopathy of Prematurity, the organ affected and the age group in which it occurs. Knowledge regarding age and centre for screening of ROP is poor. Postgraduate students had the maximum knowledge and medical officers (MBBS) had optimum knowledge of retinopathy of prematurity.