We have designed and synthesized several novel cyclic SHU9119 analogues (Ac-Nle4-[Asp5-His6-DNal(2')7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys10]-NH2) modified in position 6 with nonconventional amino acids. SHU9119 is a high affinity nonselective antagonist at hMC3R and hMC4R with potent agonist activity at hMC1R and hMC5R. We measured the binding affinity and agonist potency of the novel analogues at cloned hMC3R, hMC4R, and hMC5R receptors and identified several selective, high affinity hMC3R and hMC4R antagonists. Compound 4 containing Che substitution in position 6 is a high affinity hMC4R antagonist (IC50 = 0.48 nM) with 100-fold selectivity over hMC3R antagonist. Analogue 7 with a Cpe substitution in position 6 is a high affinity hMC4R antagonist (IC50 = 0.51 nM) with a 200-fold selectivity vs the hMC3R. Interestingly, analogue 9 with an Acpc residue in position 6 is a high affinity hMC3R antagonist (IC50 = 2.5 nM) with 100-fold selectivity vs the hMC4R antagonist based on its binding affinities. This compound represents the first cyclic lactam antagonist with high selectivity for the hMC3R vs hMC4R. To understand the possible structural basis responsible for selectivity of these peptides at hMCR3 and hMCR4, we have carried out a molecular modeling study in order to examine the conformational properties of the cyclic peptides modified in position 6 with conformationally restricted amino acids.

The melanocortin receptors are involved in many physiological functions, including pigmentation, sexual function, feeding behavior, and energy homeostasis, making them potential targets for drugs to treat obesity, sexual dysfunction, etc. Understanding the conformational basis of the receptor-ligand interactions is crucial to the design of potent and selective ligands for these receptors. The solution structures of the cyclic melanocortin agonists, partial agonist, and antagonists MTII, VJH085, SHU9119, MK5, and MK9 were determined by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy at pH 4.5 and 25 degrees C in water (90% H(2)O/10% D(2)O). The overall backbone structures of these cyclic alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) analogues around the message sequence (His(6)-D-Phe(7)/D-Nal(2')(7)-Arg(8)-Trp(9)) were similar and reasonably well defined. beta-Turns spanning His(6) and D-Phe(7)/D-Nal(2')(7) were identified in all analogues, and an amphiphilic molecular surface was obtained for the message sequence residues in most structures within the NMR ensembles. The beta-turn, which most closely resembles a type II beta-turn, leads to stacking between the aromatic rings of His(6) and D-Phe(7) in MTII and VJH085. However, no aromatic stacking between His(6) and D-Nal(2')(7) was found in structures of the D-Nal(2')(7)-containing analogues. The difference in the side-chain dispositions of His(6) and D-Nal(2')(7) may be responsible for the reduced potency or antagonist activity of the D-Nal(2')(7)-containing analogues. In addition, our results suggest that the side-chain orientations may also modulate the receptor selectivity. The information found in this study will be useful for the further design of ligands for melanocortin receptors.

The glucagon analog [l-N alpha-trinitrophenylhistidine, 12-homoarginine]-glucagon (THG) was examined for its ability to lower blood glucose concentrations in rats made diabetic with streptozotocin. In vitro, THG is a potent antagonist of glucagon activation of the hepatic adenylate cyclase assay system. Intravenous bolus injections of THG caused rapid decreases (20 to 35 percent) of short duration in blood glucose. Continuous infusion of low concentrations of the inhibitor led to larger sustained decreases in blood glucose (30 to 65 percent). These studies demonstrate that a glucagon receptor antagonist can substantially reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic animals without addition of exogenous insulin.

To investigate the molecular basis for the interaction of the chi-constrained conformation of melanotropin peptide with the human melanocortin receptors, a series of beta-substituted proline analogs were synthesized and incorporated into the Ac-Nle-C[Asp-His-D-Phe-Arg-Trp-Lys]-NH2 (MT-II) template at the His6 and D-Phe7 positions. It was found that the binding affinities generally diminished as the steric bulk of the p-substituents of the 3-phenylproline residues increased. From (2S, 3R)-3-phenyl-Pro6 to (2S, 3R)-3-(p-methoxyphenyl)-Pro6 analogs the binding affinity decreased 23-fold at the human melanocortin-3 receptor (hMC3R), 17-fold at the hMC4R, and eight-fold at the hMC5R, but selectivity for the hMC5R increased. In addition, the substitution of the D-Phe7 residue with a (2R, 3S)-3-phenyl-Pro resulted in greatly reduced binding affinity (10(3)-10(5)) at these melanocortin receptors. Macromodel's Large Scale Low Mode (LLMOD) with OPLS-AA force field simulations revealed that both MT-II and SHU-9119 share a similar backbone conformation and topography with the exception of the orientation of the side chains of D-Phe7/D-Nal (2')7 in chi space. Introduction of the dihedrally constrained phenylproline analogs into the His6 position (analogs 2-6) caused topographical changes that might be responsible for the lower binding affinities. Our findings indicate that hMC3 and hMC4 receptors are more sensitive to steric effects and conformational constraints than the hMC5 receptor. This is the first example for melanocortin receptor selectivity where the propensity of steric interactions in chi space of beta-modified Pro6 analogs of MT-II has been shown to play a critical role for binding as well as bioefficacy of melanotropins at hMC3 and hMC4 receptors, but not at the hMC5 receptor.

In an effort to develop highly selective and potent agonists and/or antagonists for the hMC3 and hMC4 receptors, a new approach involving the use of linker arms and a backbone to side chain cyclization strategy was employed. Three key analogues were identified to have the required selectivity and potency at the hMC3 or hMC4 receptors, implicated to play pivotal roles in energy homeostasis and other biological effects. The novel cyclic peptide (O)C-CH2-CH2-C(O)-c-[His6-D-Phe7-Arg8-Trp9-Lys10]-NH2 (1) was found to be a highly selective and potent agonist of the hMC4 receptor. Structure−activity studies have shown that replacing the succinyl linker arm of 1 by an o-phthalic acid group and substituting a D-Nal(2‘)7 residue in place of D-Phe7 results in a potent antagonist 7 at the hMC4 receptor. Furthermore, increasing the 23-membered lactam ring of 1 by one carbon atom (succinyl → glutaric acid linker) gives a highly selective and potent antagonist 9 for the hMC3 receptor. Analogues 1, 7, and 9 therefore represent the first examples of a class of cyclic melanotropin ligands with high selectivity and defined biological activities at the physiologically important hMC3 and hMC4 receptors.