A single preoperative oral dose of pregabalin 150 mg is an effective method for reducing postoperative pain and fentanyl consumption in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Tramadol 1.5 mg kg(-1) administered i.v. 30 min before extubation decreases the incidence and severity of CRBD and postoperative fentanyl requirement.

Bladder discomfort secondary to an indwelling urinary catheter is distressing to patients. In the present study, we observed that tolterodine (2 mg), a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist administered 1 h before surgery, reduced both the incidence and severity of bladder discomfort secondary to bladder catheterization.

Gabapentin (600 mg) administered orally 1 h before surgery reduced the incidence and severity of CRBD, postoperative pain, number of patients requiring fentanyl and postoperative total fentanyl requirement.

I.V. ketamine (250 microg kg(-1)) is an effective treatment for reducing the incidence and severity of postoperative CRBD.