Eighty six amateur boxers underwent a series of neuropsychological assessments on three occasions-pre bout, immediate post bout and follow up within two years; 31 water polo players and 47 rugby union players acted as controls. The neuropsychological tests were selected as being sensitive to subtle cognitive dysfunction and formed part of a battery of other neurological and ophthalmic assessments. No evidence of neuropsychological dysfunction due to boxing was found, either following a bout or a series of bouts at follow up. None of a range of parameters including number of previous contests, recovery from an earlier bout, number of head blows received during a bout and number of bouts between initial assessment and follow up, were found to be related to changes in cognitive functioning.

Objectives To test multiple adiposity measures and prostate cancer (PC) risk in men undergoing prostate biopsy. We hypothesized that BMI, body fat and waist circumference would be highly correlated and all would be associated with aggressive PC, but not overall risk. Subjects and methods A case (483) –control (496) study among men undergoing prostate biopsy from 2007–2016 was conducted at the Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Anthropometric measurements and self-reported were taken. Percent body fat was measured. Associations between adiposity measures and PC risk and high-grade PC (Gleason ≥7) were examined using logistic regression. Results BMI, percent body fat, and waist circumference were highly correlated (ρ ≥0.79) (p<0.001). On multivariable analysis, BMI (p=0.011) was associated with overall PC risk, but percent body fat (p=0.16) and waist circumference (p=0.19) were not. However, all adiposity measurements were associated with high-grade disease (p<0.001). We found a strong relationship between self-reported and measured weight (ρ=0.97) and height (ρ=0.92). Conclusions BMI, body fat and waist circumference were all highly correlated and associated with aggressive PC. This study supports the idea that higher adiposity is selectively associated with high-grade PC and reinforces the continued use of self-reported BMI as a measure of obesity in epidemiological studies of PC.

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