Background: Pigmented skin lesions refers to melanocytic as well as nonmelanocytic lesions. Pigmentation is not just a cosmetic deformity but can also reflect underlying benign pathology as nevi or malignant lesions as melanoma. With this study we intend to evaluate the spectrum of pigmented skin lesions and to correlate the clinical diagnosis with the histological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This is a hospital based cross sectional descriptive study where clinicohistopathological evaluation of 46 cases of pigmented skin lesions were analyzed on paraffin embedded tissue sections for a duration of 1 year at the Department of Pathology, B. P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences. Results: Out of the 46 cases evaluated there were 32 cases of melanocytic lesions comprising of benign melanocytic nevi (n=27), malignant melanoma (n=5) and 14 cases of nonmelanocytic lesions including basal cell carcinoma and seborrhoeic keratosis (5 cases each). Angiokeratoma (n=1), sebaceous hyperplasia (n=1), trichoepitheloma (n=1) and venous haemangioma (n=1). The age range was from 8-83 years with slight female predominance (52.2%) and the most common site involved was head and neck (58.7%). 76.1% of the patients belonged to the Terai region. Clinicohistopathological correlation showed positive correlation in 26 cases (56.5%) and negative correlation in 20 cases (43.5%). Conclusions: Pigmented skin lesions are common presenting problem, while majority are benign a small minority can be malignant. So, clinically pigmented skin lesions should be submitted for pathological examination in order not to miss a small percentage of malignant tumors and to differentiate melanocytic lesions from its nonmelanocytic mimickers.

Sporotrichoid-lymphocutaneous-pattern is classically seen in sporotrichosis, though also present in other infections like atypical mycobacteriosis and leishmaniasis. Cutaneous atypical mycobacterial infection presents as localized lesions in immunocompetent and is widespread in immunosuppressed patients. Here, we present a case of sporotrichoid-lymphocutaneous infection due to atypical mycobacteria, in a fish-seller under immunosuppressants.

Zygomycosis is an infrequently encountered locally invasive, aggressive fungal infection that frequently occurs in patients with an underlying immunodeficiency. It is usually diagnosed on histopathology and treated with systemic antifungals. We report a case of 16 years old female who presented with swelling on the dorsum of nose with overlying redness and tenderness. As she did not respond to antibiotics and conventional treatment, computed tomography (CT) scan and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) were performed which revealed an inflammatory lesion. However, her histopathological examination was a surprise for all of us as it came out to be zygomycosis. She was started on oral antifungal, and responded well. Although a rare entity, primary cutaneous zygomycosis should always be kept in mind while evaluating any swelling if it doesn’t improve on conventional treatments and dealt accordingly.

Background: Angiogenesis is required for growth and metastasis of tumor tissue. Quantization of angiogenesis by calculating the microvessel density can be done in histopathology specimens with the help of immunochemistry. In this study we used anti CD 34 antibody to highlight the endothelial cells and thus calculate microvessel density. Most studies have shown a positive correlation of microvessel density with increasing pathological grade and have also shown microvessel density as an independent predictor of cancer progression and survival. The present study was to find out the microvessel density in benign and malignant lesions of prostate and also to correlate the vascularity with increasing grade of cancer. Materials and methods:Sixty five prostatic biopsies were evaluated for microvessel density using CD34 monoclonal antibody. Comparison was done between BPH and Carcinoma Prostate. MVD was correlated with Gleason's score, weight of specimen and increasing age of patient. Effect of prostatitis on Microvessel density was studied.Result: Microvessel density was significantly higher in carcinoma prostate than in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. There was positive correlation of Microvessel density with increasing Gleason's score. Microvessel was significantly increased in patients having symptoms for more than a year and also with biopsies revealing prostatitis. However, there was no significant correlation between Microvessel density and weight of specimen or increasing age.

Background: The outbreak of the deadly disease COVID-19 has shaken the entire world. The pandemic has resulted in a global lockdown affecting all areas of life, including medical education. This has impeded the traditional way of teaching and learning activities and forced educational institutions such as medical universities to shift rapidly to distance and online learning. Aims and Objectives: The aim was to find out the impact of COVID-19 and the perception of undergraduate students of B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences (BPKIHS) of learning dermatology through online means. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a self-administered online questionnaire. The inclusion criteria were all MBBS third and fourth years students of BPKIHS willing to participate in the study. Result: A total of 151 participants agreed to complete the online survey questionnaire. The overall attitude toward online education was positive. The majority of students agreed that online learning material should be of high quality for online education (66.2%) and that online learning will bring new opportunities for organizing teaching and learning (62.3%). Zoom and Dudal were the most common online tools used by students. The geographic location, lack of past experience in using online tools, and communication barriers such as a poor Internet connection and frequent electricity cutoffs were identified by students as the main barriers to online education. Conclusion: Although the COVID-19 pandemic culminated in the lockdown of medical universities, it provided opportunities for bringing innovations into effect. Such large-scale studies are missing in developing countries such as Nepal, thus further research is needed to explore these possibilities nationwide.