ApoB and HSP60 peptides induced T-cell proliferation and expansion of regulatory T cells with interleukin-10 and transforming growth factor-β secretion. In comparison, peptide A was a poor stimulator of T cells and was found to induce tumor necrosis factor-α secretion by activated T cells. ApoB and HSP60 peptides were found to reduce early atherosclerotic lesion formation in mice by 32.1 and 33.5 %, respectively, while the reduction with peptide A was 5.7 %. Thus the in-vitro assay shows an apparent correlation with in-vivo activity and can be developed as a screening assay to prioritize the candidate molecules for animal efficacy testing.

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In the present study, monoclonal gammapathy was identified in a total of 245 patients of plasma cell dyscrasias during period of 1987 to 2000. The monoclonal band was identified in serum by agar gel electrophoresis in all the cases and in urine in a few cases. Characterization of paraprotein (monoclonal immunoglobulin class and light chain type) was carried out by employing immunoelectrophoresis and/or immunofixation electrophoresis using heavy chain specific gamma, alpha, mu, delta and epsilon and light chain specific kappa (K), lambda (λ) antisera. Serum immunoglobulins Ig G, Ig A, and Ig M were estimated by immunoturbidometry. Serum urea, creatinine, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin, calcium and phosphorus were estimated by using routine biochemical methods. Among the 245 cases, 73.1% monoclonal gammapathies were of secretory type and 7.3% were non-secretory. Monoclonal gammapathies were associated with 80.4% of multiple myeloma, 8.9% of solitary plasmacytoma, 4.1% of extra-medullary plasmacytoma, 3.3% of lymphoma and 2.9% of plasma cell leukemia. Classification of secretory monoclonal immunoglobulin revealed monoclonal immunoglobulin Ig G in 74%, Ig A 15% and Ig M in 2.9% cases.

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Diabetic nephropathy occurs in as many as 30% of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus patients and 25% of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetic nephropathy is a dreaded disease with progressive and continuous. Deterioration in glomerular function resulting in irreversible renal failure. Diabetic nephropathy is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is now among the most common cause of end-stage renal disease. However, there is an early phase of diabetic renal disease called incipient diabetic nephropathy. This study is intended to study the association of Proteinuria with HbA1C in Diabetes Mellitus.