These results indicate that if unilateral, painless, enlarged and mated lymph nodes are found in either the PT or the UDC or SM areas, lymphadenitis of tuberculous origin should be suspected rather than lymphadenitis of any other etiology.

Soumya Swaminathan and colleagues call for increased funding and regional collaboration to boost research relevant to disease and health priorities in South Asia

Introduction Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare histiocytic proliferative disorder of unknown etiology. Usually it presents with massive painless cervical lymph node enlargement. Histologically, it shows proliferation of distinctive histiocytic cells that demonstrate emperipolesis in the background of a mixed inflammatory infiltrates. Immunohistochemically, the cells are positive for markers such as CD68 and S100. Objective To report a case of a 12-year-old patient with multiple sites of cervical lymphadenitis, which was diagnosed as RDD histopathologically as well as immunohistologically. Resumed Report A 12-year-old girl presented with multiple painless sites of cervical lymphadenitis without any systemic and other ear, nose, and throat manifestations. The biopsy report of the lymph node showed dilatation of the sinuses, filled with histiocytes having foamy cytoplasm. Many of the histiocytes were engulfing mature lymphocytes. The sinus histiocytes were strongly positive for S-100 protein. Conclusion RDD must be considered in the differential diagnosis of massive or multiple lymphadenopathies.

Background. Airway stenosis is a technically challenging pathology to deal with. Various aetiologies can lead to the stenosis; however, trauma, mostly related to intubation, is the commonest so far. This study retrospectively evaluates various aetiological factors resulting in airway stenosis and the associated patient-related factors. Objectives. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the common patient-related factors, aetiology, site, and mode of presentation of airway stenosis and to evaluate the duration of intubation resulting in airway stenosis. Materials and methods. This was a retrospective study carried out at the Department of ENT-HNS, Institute of Medicine, Nepal. Record files from January 2014 to January 2019 of all cases with endoscopic diagnosis of airway stenosis were evaluated. Demographic data, site, severity, aetiology, time, and mode of presentation were noted. The severity of stenosis was graded based on Cotton–Meyer (CM) classification. Results. A total of 33 cases were included in the study. The trachea and the subglottis were the frequent sites to be involved. Intubation-related trauma was the commonest aetiology with a shortest duration of intubation of only 4 days resulting in development of the stenosis. The other aetiologies were congenital, trauma, inflammation, and idiopathic. Conclusion. Trauma, mostly related to intubation, is still the commonest cause for the development of airway stenosis. Along with the duration of intubation, there are several other factors that can affect the development of stenosis. A prospective study with a large population is required to draw a definite conclusion.

Objective: To compare the corrected serum calcium changes following thyroid and non thyroid neck surgeries.Material and Methods: It was a prospective, longitudinal and comparative study, done in Ganesh Man Singh Memorial Academy of ENT and Head and Neck Studies, Tribhuvan University, Teaching hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Convenient sample size was taken of patients undergoing thyroid and non thyroid neck surgeries under general anaesthesia, between 1st November 2009 to 30th April 2011.Result: Total 87 cases were included which comprises 41 cases of thyroid and 46 cases of non thyroid neck lesions. Total females in thyroid cases were 39 out of 41 and in non thyroid cases 25 out of 46. The mean corrected calcium in thyroid cases were 2.04 ± 0.07, 1.75 ± 0.26, 1.92 ± 0.16 and 2.00 ± 0.07 in pre-operative, recovery room (immediate post-operative), post-operative day-1(POD 1) and post-operative day-4(POD- 4) respectively. The mean calcium changes in non thyroid cases were 2.04 ± 0.09, 1.89 ± 0.19, 1.94 ± 0.13 and 1.99 ± 0.04 in pre-operative period, recovery room (immediate post-operative), post-operative day-1(POD-1) and post-operative day-4 (POD- 4) respectively. In both thyroid and non thyroid group, the calcium drop was statistically significant  (< 0.05) in recovery. Rest were not significant statistically. The mean differences from pre-operative to recovery and preoperative to POD-1 corrected calcium changes were also significant in both thyroid and non thyroid groups. The mean difference between preoperative to POD-4 was not significant in both groups.Conclusion: After comparing the corrected serum calcium changes following thyroid and non thyroid neck surgeries, the transient post-operative hypocalcaemia is not a thyroid surgery dependent phenomenon. Haemodilution is the main factor for hypocalcaemia in immediate postoperative period in all major neck surgeries.Nepalese Journal of ENT Head and Neck Surgery, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2015