The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of drip irrigation treatments such as three lateral distances (0.6 m, 0.8 m or 1.0 m lateral distance) on growth parameters physiological characters, yield and water use of rice under two discharge rates drippers (0.6 or 1.0 litre per hour emitters). Among the lateral distances, 0.8 m lateral distance adjudged as optimum spacing for its better performance in growth, physiological and yield attributes than rest of the lateral distances. Between two-discharge rates, 1.0 lph drippers out performed 0.6 lph drippers in grain yield. Interactively, laterals spaced at 0.8 m with 1.0 lph drippers exhibited better performance by way of growth parameters (such as plant height, tiller density, root biomass, total dry matter accumulation), physiological attributes (such as  w , Chlorophyll content, Catalase activity and Malondialdehyde content), yield and its components (such as productive tillers, spikelet numbers, filled grain percentage, Harvest Index) along with water productivity. Drip irrigation confirms to increase in water productivity in the present study with water saving of 27.4% over the conventional aerobic rice cultivation. Enhanced physiological activities showed increased growth and yield in rice under 0.8 m lateral distance drip irrigation which is a viable tool for balanced source sink relation. Our results indicated that the lateral spacing of 0.8 m with 1.0 lph drippers is best for rice cultivation in enhancing the growth, physiology, grain yield and water productivity.

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Altering plant spatial distribution induces changes in micro-meteorology of crop canopy and have cumulative effect on yield. Creation of suitable plant spatial distribution is indispensable to explore the beneficial effects of spatial pattern and it could be possible only through altering rectangular spatial distribution, which is commonly practiced in maize. Most of the nitrogen (N) scheduling approaches are growth stages based without considering crop demand and soil fertility status which may not yield better, warrants need based N management for better production in maize. The present study has investigated effects of spatial pattern and nitrogen scheduling on intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR), light extinction co-efficient ('k'), leaf temperature (LT) and productivity of maize. The experiments were conducted during 2011 and 2012 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore. Treatments were laid out in split-plot design and replicated thrice. Treatments were: six levels of spatial pattern (60 × 25, 30 × 30, 35 × 35, 40 × 40, 45 × 45 and 50 × 50 cm). Growth stage based and need based approach of leaf color chart based (LCC) nitrogen scheduling were imposed. Field experimental results indicated that maize canopy under 30 × 30 and 35 × 35 cm spatial pattern intercepted 10 to 15% more light compared to rectangular pattern (60 × 25 cm). The 'k' value and leaf temperature were reduced under this pattern. Higher maize grain yield (GY) was recorded at 35 × 35 cm spatial distribution. The LCC based N scheduling recorded higher values of IPAR, LT and lower 'k' values. Square planting favored canopy micro-meterological parameters and which in turn enhanced grain yield of maize.