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This article studies response of soil slopes under adjacent embedded strip foundations, subjected to increasing vertical load due to gravity load of buildings. The study also considers slopes under closely spaced adjacent buildings. In addition, the article addresses the effect of horizontal earthquake loading by the simplified pseudo-static method. Response of two representative slopes is investigated using nonlinear 2D Finite Element Limit Equilibrium Analysis with strength reduction method. The effect of interaction between building, foundation, and slope on the sliding surface, factor of safety (FOS), and ultimate load intensity (ULI) is explored. Furthermore, the effect of integral action of building frame on slope-building interaction is investigated. It is found that the buildings/foundations mostly result in local failure of stable slopes under gravity and seismic loads. Consequently, the slope's FOS is found to be sensitive to foundation loading intensity, but in most of the considered cases it is insensitive to the number and distance between adjacent foundations and buildings.

The columns and the supporting foundations are invariably subjected to the interacting axial force, V, shear force, H and moment M. It is quite common to consider the interaction of these forces in design of structural components, but the available standards and literature usually ignore the effect of interaction in case of foundations on slopes. Further, very little information is available about seismic capacity of foundations located on slopes. This article presents a numerical study on evaluation of the V-H-M capacity envelopes of strip foundations placed on top and face of slopes and subjected to earthquake action, with an objective of enabling a direct comparison with the capacity of the supported columns. Nonlinear 2D finite element limit analyses (FELA) are performed for this purpose. Modified 'Probe' analyses are carried out for two representative c- soil slopes to develop the V-H-M capacity envelopes. The computed capacity envelopes are compared with their counterparts on flat ground. The characteristic features of the capacity envelopes are identified and explained considering the failure patterns under different combinations of V, H and M. A comparison of the capacity envelopes of counterpart foundations on flat ground and of columns is presented to highlight the relative hierarchy of strength of columns and foundations of a typical building on slope.

This paper presents a numerical study on capacity envelopes of strip foundations placed on top and face of two typical soil slopes at different offset distances and subjected to earthquake effects considered using the pseudo-static method. The capacity is estimated using nonlinear 2D finite element limit analysis. Modified swipe and probe analyses are carried out to develop vertical force-moment (V-M) and vertical force-shear force (V-H) capacity envelopes. Characteristic features of these capacity envelopes, and critical failure modes of foundations on slopes are identified and compared with the foundations on flat ground. Relative influence of the soil and structure inertia on capacity envelope of foundation is also explored. It is found that the critical failure mode of a foundation on slope, subjected to gravity and seismic action depends on the effective column height of the structure. A comparison of the capacity envelopes of typical foundations with the corresponding reinforced concrete columns 21 indicates that the foundation design methods of the current building codes cannot avoid 22 premature failure of foundations on slopes, prior to columns.

The present work reviews the laser cladding process as a repairing technique and the conventional repairing techniques and different heat source models. In this review work, the authors have tried to address the various traditional methods studied for repairing and surface modification. The dominantly used heat source model for numerical modelling of the repairing techniques and the mechanism of the laser cladding process, along with its advantages over the conventional repairing techniques, is also reviewed. This paper also focuses on the predominantly used laser of high power for the cladding process and the effect of process parameters on the quality of the clad layer. The different materials used as clad materials for repairing purposes during the laser cladding process have also been discussed briefly. In this paper, the authors have surveyed literature from different regions of the globe and considered the literature since 1969. This review discusses the various conventional repairing techniques used for repairing, heat source model, process parameters, and different materials used in the laser cladding process. The authors have also briefed the advantages, disadvantages, and application in each of the sections. The use of laser cladding for in-situ repairing process, development of a precise model, use of low-power laser, and application of laser cladding for actual engineering components was also considered in future research work.