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Any nation's infrastructure development encompasses social infrastructure as well as economic infrastructure, or the growth of diverse sectors.  Simultaneously created social infrastructure can lead the economic infrastructure in total development at the appropriate level. The capabilities and technical advancement of social infrastructures like retail centers, restaurants, medical facility zones, and schools are well defined, as are the evolving requirements of economic infrastructures like roads, sewage, electricity, open spaces, and gardens. To maintain effective social infrastructure, it is necessary to develop sectors such as education, health, social security, water supply, housing, and sanitation. The study would like to suggest that adequate budget allocation should be conducted during planning process; proper road design, implementation and effective procurement system should be carried out, and management of enough construction materials, suitable equipment, and coordination with local people should be performed. Furthermore, provision of drain while constructing rural road must be included during preparation of DPR along with the watershed management is necessary and establishment of laboratory for material test is necessary in Municipality to assure quality construction along with provision of training for the user committee to provide technical knowledge is necessary.

Agriculture is one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change impact. The main purpose of the study is to find the recent production of major cereal crops as rice, maize, and wheat per unit area in Banepa municipality, as a case study to the local trends and adaptation. The study was conducted among the household of ward No. 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, and 11 in the Municipality. Field observation, in-depth interview, focus group discussion, Questionnaire survey methods were adopted for information collection, cross-validation with verification and using a secondary source of the information. Monthly precipitation and monthly minimum and maximum air temperatures data of Dhulikhel station were used to study their annual and seasonal trends. Time-series annual yield data in rice, maize, and wheat were collected from the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development. Production was also accessed from the local level in a cross-sectional survey. Temperature and precipitation were collected from the Department of Hydrology and Metrology. The Survey indicated that yields have increased for major cereal crops and this led to an increase in the use of chemical fertilizer, chemical pesticides, improved seed, and improved management practices. The impacts of these changes have resulted in an increased attack of white grub in roots and maize smut in cobs, rice blast in panicle and stem, rust and blight disease and grain borer in wheat. The major issues for farmers were found to be a deficit of inorganic fertilizers, an insufficient supply of quality seeds and an unsystematic market. The coping mechanism for climate change in farming was not applied due to a lack of knowledge, facilities, and access to improved technologies. The farmers expected advanced technological know-how along with other facilities for climate-resilient farming. This study concludes that change in climate is affecting the agriculture in Banepa Municipality of Kabhrepalancchok. The existing local and institutional strategies are not sufficient and sustainable to cope with climatic vagaries. It is very important to address the problems in this region with institutional support and through a long-term policy perspective.

This study aims to assist the impact of climate change on agriculture in Banepa municipality, as a case study to the local climatic trends and its impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. The study was conducted among the household of ward no. one to eleven except two and six in the municipality. A questionnaire survey, field observation, in-depth interview, and focus group discussion, methods were adopted for the information collection, cross-validation with verification, and using the secondary source of the information. Monthly precipitation and monthly minimum and maximum air temperatures data of Dhulikhel station were used to study their annual and seasonal trends.Agriculture is one of the vulnerable sectors of the impact of climate change. Trend analysis of temperature and precipitation over 27 years indicates that this region is facing various weather variability. The annual mean of the minimum temperature was showing the highest (13.530C) in 2014 and the lowest (7.860C) in 2001. The trend analysis shows that the annual average minimum temperature has also been increasing per year. Drought, delay in monsoon, hailstorm,and heavy rainfall are major challenges in agriculture.The study concluded that climate change affected the negative impact on agriculture in the Banepa Municipality of Kavre. The existing local and institutional strategies are not sufficient and sustainable to cope with climatic vagaries. There is a proactive need for climate change adaptation measures to address the negative impact of climate change in agriculture to sustain the food and nutrition security in the community through institutional support and long-term agricultural policy and strategic plan.

The present study aims to document the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants of Kapurkot rural municipality of Salyan District, Karnali province, Nepal. Ethno medicinal information was collected through interview with 40 respondents from Mulpani, Sallyan District. Altogether 59 ethnomedicinal plant species are used for the remedies of different health ailments. Respondents of the age group 25-35 years were found actively participating in this survey. Zingiberaceae as well as the Lauraceae family were found to have the highest number of species used for ethno-medicinal purposes. On the basis of their habit, herb species are found to be highly dominated. The recorded 59 ethnomedicinal plants were used in the treatment of various diseases such as cuts and wounds, skin diseases, fever, cough, boils, burns, common cold, etc. From this study, mainly common cold and cough are mostly recovered ailments from medicinal plant species. The study is mainly based on the experienced knowledge and information which they gain from their elders, mainly from grandparents, which might pass from generation to generation. This current study reveals that Zanthoxylum armatum (Timur), Cinnamomum tamala (Tejpaat) and Zingiber officinale (Adhuwa) are respectively found to be highly traded medicinal plants of the study area. For the preservation of ethnomedicinal plants species as well as their traditional knowledge, different conservation activities should be practiced. Such gained information and knowledge should be passed from generation to generation and encourage them to preserve for sustainable use of traditional documentation.