The 0.94(BNT–BST)–0.06KNN ceramic possesses an excellent stored energy storage density (Ws = ∼3.13 J cm−3), a recoverable energy storage density (Wr = ∼2.65 J cm−3), and maintains a relatively high efficiency (η ∼ 84.6%).

The 0.65(NBT-BKT)–0.35SBT ceramic possesses an ultra-high recoverable energy storage density (Wrec ∼ 4.06 J cm−3) and maintains a relatively high efficiency (η = ∼87.3%).

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Layered double hydroxide (LDH)-based materials are frequently used for oxygen evolution reactions (OERs) due to their promising properties in overcoming the large energy barrier. In this work, the controllably synthesized NiCo-LDHs nanosheets are treated by Ar plasma and display superior activity as well as high durability for OER processes, where there is a much lower overpotential of 299 mV at 10 mA cm −2 and a smaller Tafel slope of 45 mV dec −1 as compared to the pristine material (347 mV and 149 mV dec −1 , respectively). The characterization results reveal that numerous defects induced by Ar plasma on the surface of ultrathin NiCo-LDHs nanosheets, leading to many more exposed active sites, faster kinetics, and lower resistance. This work offers inspiration for the rational design of additional active and efficient LDH-based materials for OER.

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