The potential and density wake behind a finite-sized object in a magnetized collisionless plasma flow is studied with self-consistent numerical simulations. With increasing magnetization of the plasma, the standard picture of ion focusing in the wake for plasmas with large electron to ion temperature ratios becomes invalid. A strong magnetic field parallel to the flow direction leads to a chain of ion depletions in the wake and enhanced ion density at their envelopes. This is due to a novel mechanism of a dynamic ion shadow, which is not the geometrical shadow of the finite-sized object. It corresponds to a change in topology of the wake potential. Complex ion trajectories resulting from electrostatic collisions with the object can lead to significant variations in electrical charging of other objects in the wake.

Kinetic simulation results are presented to study the response of multi-Needle Langmuir Probes of the type used on many satellites. Simulations of isolated probes are used to parametrize the current collected as a function of voltage for a set of densities and temperatures of relevance to Earth ionosphere. These simulations also serve to assess the validity of analytic results obtained from the orbit motion limited (OML) theory used in recent studies. Computed probe characteristics are then fitted with empirical scaling laws and used to account for electron current collected by needle probes on a typical triple CubeSat. These fits are then used to determine the impact of the probes and guards on the spacecraft floating potential for a nominal configuration of bias voltages, over the plasma parameters of interest. In order for the probes to work as intended, they must operate at a positive potential with respect to the ambient plasma. However, results show that for the cases considered, the spacecraft floating potential is so low that the probe with the lowest voltage becomes negative. Possible solutions are examined and proposed to ensure that all probes remain at a positive voltage with respect to surrounding plasma.

The effect of an external magnetic field on the formation of the wake in the potential distribution behind a dust grain is studied with selfconsistent Particle-In-Cell numerical simulations. The collisionless plasma flow is aligned with the magnetic field. It is demonstrated that the topology of the wakefield is significantly affected by the magnetization degree of plasma and by the ion flow speed. The external magnetic field acts to reduce the potential enhancements in the wake and leads to splitting of the wake pattern across the symmetry axis. For high ion flow speeds, a strong magnetization of plasma suppresses the potential enhancements and results in a narrow negative potential line along the symmetry axis, parallel to the ion flow direction, in the wake.

The charging of a sounding rocket in subsonic and supersonic plasma flows with external magnetic field is studied with numerical particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulations. A weakly magnetized plasma regime is considered that corresponds to the ionospheric F2 layer, with electrons being strongly magnetized, while the magnetization of ions is weak. It is demonstrated that the magnetic field orientation influences the floating potential of the rocket and that with increasing angle between the rocket axis and the magnetic field direction the rocket potential becomes less negative. External magnetic field gives rise to asymmetric wake downstream of the rocket. The simulated wake in the potential and density may extend as far as 30 electron Debye lengths; thus, it is important to account for these plasma perturbations when analyzing in situ measurements. A qualitative agreement between simulation results and the actual measurements with a sounding rocket is also shown.

The electric potential distribution around a dust particle immersed in a magnetised supersonic plasma flow is studied by numerical simulations. It is shown that with increasing magnetisation of plasma, the peak in the wake potential gets smaller and moves upstream. For strong magnetisation, the trailing peak in the potential distribution vanishes and the potential becomes more isotropic. The results agree qualitatively with the linear response approach. The numerical simulations are carried out with a particle-in-cell code.Submitted to: Phys. Scr.