Human navigation is generally believed to rely on two types of strategy adoption, route-based and map-based strategies. Both types of navigation require making spatial decisions along the traversed way although formal computational and neural links between navigational strategies and mechanisms of value-based decision making have so far been underexplored in humans. Here we employed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while subjects located different objects in a virtual environment. We then modelled their paths using reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms, which successfully explained decision behavior and its neural correlates. Our results show that subjects used a mixture of route and map-based navigation and their paths could be well explained by the model-free and model-based RL algorithms. Furthermore, the value signals of model-free choices during route-based navigation modulated the BOLD signals in the ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC), whereas the BOLD signals in parahippocampal and hippocampal regions pertained to model-based value signals during map-based navigation. Our findings suggest that the brain might share computational mechanisms and neural substrates for navigation and value-based decisions such that model-free choice guides route-based navigation and model-based choice directs map-based navigation. These findings open new avenues for computational modelling of wayfinding by directing attention to value-based decision, differing from common direction and distances approaches.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan aktivitas belajar peserta didik kelompok A KB-TK Al-Azhar 38 Bantul dengan menggunakan metode demonstrasi dan mengetahui perkembangan kognitif peserta didik kelompok A KB-TK Al-Azhar 38 Bantul dengan menggunakan metode demonstrasi. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Metode pengumpulan datanya diperoleh dari observasi, dokumentasi, dan wawancara. Wawancara dilakukan dengan individu-individu yang terlibat dalam penelitian. Subjek penelitian ini adalah guru, tenaga kependidikan, dan peserta didik KB-TK Alazhar 38 Bantul. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menyeleksi dan menyusun data yang diperoleh, kemudian diolah dan dianalisis sehingga dapat ditarik kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran di kelompok A KB-TK Al-Azhar 38 Bantul dengan menggunakan metode demonstrasi sudah berjalan dengan baik, dikarenakan guru telah memperlihatkan atau memperagakan serangkaian tindakan berupa gerakan yang menggambarkan suatu cara kerja atau urutan proses kegiatan. Selain itu, guru juga telah memperlihatkan bentuk dari suatu benda. Penerapan metode maupun media yang digunakan dalam pembelajaran sangat berpengaruh terhadap proses pembelajaran, dan berpengaruh juga terhadap perkembangan peserta didik.
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