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Zakah and its problems are as old as the Islamic civilization. This Islamic financial instrument is mandatory for Muslims who are capable and expected to reduce the poverty of the people. The potential of zakah in Indonesia reaching 217 trillion rupiah Indonesia's GDP should be able to be explored and distributed to Indonesian Muslims as effectively as possible. Potential only remains just a potential if it is not able to be realized into zakah funds collection that is ready to be distributed to the recipient who is entitled to receive it. The concept of localization/ decentralization can be considered as the best way in zakah disbursement. The concept of localization/zoning or decentralization in the distribution of zakah funds closely matches the concept of Sharma in the tax disbursement issue that states that the transfer of power, resources and responsibilities from the center to the regions is more effective in alleviating poverty in Indonesia.

Indonesia needs a sizeable Islamic bank to confront the ASEAN Economic Community (MEA) in 2020, so it can compete with existing Islamic banks in ASEAN. Then there was a plan to merge several Islamic banks into Government's Islamic banks. This study aims to analyze from the business valuation point of view about the Islamic bank's merger plan in Indonesia and to calculate the value of synergy if the bank merged. Company valuation used DCF-FCFE method and PBV. Islamic banks those were simulated merged are BSM, BRIS, and BNIS. Based on the study there is a synergy when the three banks merged. So, the merger plan of Islamic bank is feasible.DOI: 10.15408/etk.v17i2.7238

The action of one person will affect the others and then the action of one country will affect other countries. Financial crisis is like a contagious disease, which spreads everywhere. The failure in capturing systemic risk is the interconnected market events (’network externalities’) can produce self-reinforcing cycles then create the harmful situation. What happened in the banking regulation particularly Basel II? In reality, Basel II did not work completely in 2008. Since the implementation of risk management based on Basel II has been a prerequisite for a bank, it is supposed to make a positive impact. Misplaced reliance on mathematical model and statistics in managing risk could one of the problems in the decision making process. Using system thinking, system dynamics paradigm and theory of feedback system, this paper tries to see the risk management from different perspective and to enrich the understanding of how financial systems work: what drives them and causes the behavior. Many lessons can be learnt from this financial contagion since Islamic banking and finance system has inevitably been a part of the international financial systems.Keywords:  Financial crisis, interconnected events, system thinking, system dynamics, islamic banking and finance.JEL Classification: D10, D80, E50, E60, G20, G32

The global COVID-19 pandemic has greatly affected people, especially in the economic and banking sectors. The Indonesian Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK) issued a credit restructuring policy, effective from March 2020 to March 2022, to reduce credit and bank capital risk. This study proposes the bank risk scenario after the credit restructuring policy of the OJK moratorium in March 2022 and proposes the internal bank policy simulation to mitigate credit and capital risks in terms of Non-Performing Loan (NPL) and Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR). The difficulty of this study is how to develop the risk scenario and to simulate the bank risk mitigation policy after the policy moratorium, while the COVID-19 pandemic is still ongoing and the economy is not yet normal. To that purpose, this study uses a system dynamics methodology with Powersim Studio 10© software that is able to make scenarios on the level of credit risk (NPL) and bank capital (CAR) and able to simulate internal bank policy to overcome the risk by considering the environmental and policy changes. Based on the policy simulation, it is recommended that bank can implement the restructuring policy to control the credit risk and strengthening the NPL monitoring activity in order to manage and decrease the loan impairment expenses. To increase CAR, the result shows that the combined policy consists of the NPL monitoring program, the interest rate and the operating cost management program is able to produce a significant increase in bank’s capital (CAR). The original contribution of this study is to provide new model of credit and capital risk scenario and risk mitigation simulation during the COVID-19 pandemic. The advantage of this study is that the model can be tested and implemented to other banks.