This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. For more information on this publication, visit www.rand.org/t/rr1187Published by the RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. © Copyright 2016 RAND CorporationR® is a registered trademark. Cover: Image via pathdoc/Fotoliaiii Preface Data breaches continue to plague private-sector companies, nonprofit organizations, and government agencies. Although spending on cybersecurity continues to grow, companies are still being breached, and sensitive personal, financial, and health information is still being compromised. As of March 2016, 47 states and the District of Columbia have adopted laws that require companies to notify individuals in the event that their personal information is lost or stolen. This report sets out the results of a study of consumer attitudes toward data breaches, notifications that a breach has occurred, and company responses to such events.The report should provide valuable information that can be used by businesses and policymakers as they develop policies and best practices related to information security and data breach response. Moreover, it should be of interest to individuals who conduct business with any organization that holds their personal and confidential data. RAND Institute for Civil JusticeThe RAND Institute for Civil Justice (ICJ) is dedicated to improving the civil justice system by supplying policymakers and the public with rigorous and nonpartisan research. Its studies identify trends in litigation and inform policy choices about liability, compensation, regulation, risk management, and insurance. The institute builds on a long tradition of RAND Corporation research characterized by an interiv Consumer Attitudes Toward Data Breach Notifications disciplinary, empirical approach to public policy issues and rigorous standards of quality, objectivity, and independence.ICJ research is supported by pooled grants from a range of sources, including corporations, trade and professional associations, individuals, government agencies, and private foundations. All its reports are subject to peer review and disseminated widely to policymakers, practitioners in law and business, other r...

Contextual research on time and place requires a consistent measurement instrument for neighborhood conditions in order to make unbiased inferences about neighborhood change. We develop such a time-invariant measure of neighborhood socio-economic status (NSES) using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses fit to census data at the tract level from the 1990 and 2000 U.S. Censuses and the 2008-2012 American Community Survey. A single factor model fit the data well at all three time periods, and factor loadings-but not indicator intercepts-could be constrained to equality over time without decrement to fit. After addressing remaining longitudinal measurement bias, we found that NSES increased from 1990 to 2000, and then-consistent with the timing of the BGreat Recession^-declined in 2008-2012 to a level approaching that of 1990. Our approach for evaluating and adjusting for timeinvariance is not only instructive for studies of NSES but also more generally for longitudinal studies in which the variable of interest is a latent construct.KEYWORDS Neighborhood socio-economic status, Neighborhood disadvantage, Neighborhood change, Confirmatory factor analysis, Measurement bias, Invariance A well-established literature documents that the socio-economic characteristics of the places in which we live influence our health and wellbeing.1-7 For example, neighborhood socio-economic status (NSES), over and above individual socioeconomic status, 2 can have lasting effects on outcomes ranging from hypertension, 8 to allostatic load, 9 disability, 10 and depression. 11 Reviews of research on neighborhoods and health have suggested we need to better understand the role of critical periods, sequencing, and the accumulation of (dis)advantages over time. 6,12 Longitudinal studies hoping to address these questions, however, must first address the methodological challenge of appropriately measuring neighborhood characteristics over time: in particular, distinguishing between changes in the consequences of a neighborhood construct over time and changes in the measurement of the construct over time. The objective of this study is to address these challenges of incorporating time into the study of place by developing a measure of NSES and testing the stability of its measurement (time-invariance) from 1990 through about 2010. By so doing, we intend to not only produce a measure of the NSES of U.S. census tracts that can be used in longitudinal research and surveillance, but also Miles, Weden, Lavery, Escarce, and Shih are with the RAND Corporation,

In May 2013, the Texas Legislature passed House Bill 1296, requiring the Texas Education Agency to distribute information to public school students about higher education institutions and workforce needs in the state. Specifically, the bill calls for comparisons on higher education institutions in terms of tuition costs, student debt, retention and graduation rates, and employment outcomes. The bill also requires disseminating the Texas Workforce Commission (TWC) projections of future occupational demands and annual wages for the jobs in highest demand.The bill further requires the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board (THECB), in conjunction with TWC, to prepare a report on Texas's future workforce needs that would help inform decisions to develop or expand postsecondary education programs. This portion of the bill is the motivation for the present report.Educators and policymakers in Texas and elsewhere have a wide variety of quantitative and qualitative workforce information available for planning degree and certificate programs in colleges and universities. To help guide use of such resources, The College for All Texans Foundation, which works to further the objectives of THECB, asked RAND Education, a unit of the RAND Corporation, to conduct this study. It examines the quantitative and qualitative sources of information on workforce needs. It reviews common techniques for quantitative modeling using workforce data, as well as how institutions and states may use these data to inform decisions about degree programs.It also develops some data tools and recommends ways to use workforce information in degree program planning.This study was made possible by the generosity of the Houston Endowment.

No abstract

No abstract